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431.
Vikram Bhardwaj Dhruv Sen Singh Abhay K. Singh 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,171(1-4):321-344
Chhoti Gandak river basin, situated in the Ganga Plain, is one of India’s most productive cane-sugar industrial belts. Soil and groundwater samples were collected to investigate the impacts of these industries on the environment of the Chhoti Gandak river basin with special reference to soil and water. The results show that concentration of most metals are affected by industrial activities and surrounding agricultural practices. It is evidenced by increased heavy metal concentration in the soils as well as in the aquifers. Metals such as Pb, Cu, and Zn in the soil around the industrial sets are found significantly higher than their normal values in the soil. Metals like Fe and Mn in the groundwater are more than the permissible limit prescribed by the World Health Organization. In this study, an attempt was made to distinguish between the naturally occurring and anthropogenically induced metals in the soil. Analysis of geochemical properties, disposal of industrial wastes, inadequate application of agrochemicals, and their impact on environment indicate the sustainable implementation of integrated wastewater management plan in these industrial sets and also in similar situations. 相似文献
432.
Bibhash C. Verma Siba Prasad Datta Raj K. Rattan Anil K. Singh 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,171(1-4):579-593
Soil organic matter not only affects sustainability of agricultural ecosystems, but also extremely important in maintaining overall quality of environment as soil contains a significant part of global carbon stock. Hence, we attempted to assess the influence of different tillage and nutrient management practices on various stabilized and active soil organic carbon pools, and their contribution to the extractable nitrogen phosphorus and sulfur. Our study confined to the assessment of impact of agricultural management practices on the soil organic carbon pools and extractable nutrients under three important cropping systems, viz. soybean–wheat, maize–wheat, and rice–wheat. Results indicated that there was marginal improvement in Walkley and Black content in soil under integrated and organic nutrient management treatments in soybean–wheat, maize–wheat, and rice–wheat after completion of four cropping cycles. Improvement in stabilized pools of soil organic carbon (SOC) was not proportional to the applied amount of organic manures. While, labile pools of SOC were increased with the increase in amount of added manures. Apparently, green manure (Sesbania) was more effective in enhancing the lability of SOC as compared to farmyard manure and crop residues. The KMnO4-oxidizable SOC proved to be more sensitive and consistent as an index of labile pool of SOC compared to microbial biomass carbon. Under different cropping sequences, labile fractions of soil organic carbon exerted consistent positive effect on the extractable nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur in soil. 相似文献
433.
Raj Kumar Singh Manoj Datta Arvind Kumar Nema 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2010,15(6):549-567
In developing countries, several old municipal solid waste dumps (unlined landfills) exist adjacent to large cities, releasing
contaminants to the underlying aquifer, thus posing the hazard of groundwater contamination. These uncontrolled waste dumps
need to be prioritized in terms of the groundwater contamination hazard posed by them, so that necessary control and remedial
measures can be undertaken in a phased manner. This paper presents a time-dependent system for evaluating groundwater contamination
hazard rating of municipal solid waste dumps. The system is based on source–pathway–receptor relationships and evaluates the
relative value of hazard posed by a site over its entire leaching life, on a scale of 0–1,000. The system parameters have
been selected based on literature and expert opinions. The Delphi technique is used to derive the relative importance weights
of the system parameters. The proposed system is compared with six selected existing hazard rating systems. The comparison,
made by way of score range analysis, shows that the proposed system exhibits a much wider range of hazard scores for various
scenarios of site conditions, and hence the proposed system is more sensitive to varied site conditions. The application of
different systems to six municipal solid waste dumps located in four cities of India shows that, whereas the existing systems
individually produce clustered scores and return the same rank to more than one site, the proposed system produces significantly
varying scores and return different ranks to different sites. This demonstrates that the proposed system improves decision
making and makes a better basis for prioritization of municipal solid waste dumps for adopting control and remedial measures. 相似文献
434.
Santosh Ranjan Mohanty Parul Rajput Bharati Kollah Dipanti Chourasiya Archana Tiwari Muneshwar Singh A Subba Rao 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(6):3743-3753
There is worldwide concern over the increase use of nanoparticles (NPs) and their ecotoxicological effect. It is not known if the annual production of tons of industrial nanoparticles (NPs) has the potential to impact terrestrial microbial communities, which are so necessary for ecosystem functioning. Here, we have examined the consequences of adding the NPs particularly the metal oxide (CuO, ZnO) on CH4 oxidation activity in vertisol and the abundance of heterotrophs, methane oxidizers, and ammonium oxidizers. Soil samples collected from the agricultural field located at Madhya Pradesh, India, were incubated with either CuO and ZnO NPs or ionic heavy metals (CuCl2, ZnCl2) separately at 0, 10, and 20 μg g?1 soil. CH4 oxidation activity in the soil samples was estimated at 60 and 100 % moisture holding capacity (MHC) in order to link soil moisture regime with impact of NPs. NPs amended to soil were highly toxic for the microbial-mediated CH4 oxidation, compared with the ionic form. The trend of inhibition was Zn 20?>?Zn 10?>?Cu 20?>?Cu 10. NPs delayed the lag phase of CH4 oxidation to a maximum of 4-fold and also decreased the apparent rate constant k up to 50 % over control. ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis (α?=?0.01) revealed significant impact of NPs on the CH4 oxidation activity and microbial abundance (p?<?0.0001, and high F statistics). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that PC1 (metal concentration) rendered 76.06 % of the total variance, while 18.17 % of variance accounted by second component (MHC). Biplot indicated negative impact of NPs on CH4 oxidation and microbial abundance. Our result also confirmed that higher soil moisture regime alleviates toxicity of NPs and opens new avenues of research to manage ecotoxicity and environmental hazard of NPs. 相似文献
435.
Removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated ground water using zero-valent iron nanoparticles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ritu Singh Virendra Misra Rana Pratap Singh 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(6):3643-3651
Batch experiments were conducted on ground water samples collected from a site contaminated with Cr(VI) to evaluate the redox
potential of zero-valent iron (Fe0) nanoparticles for remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated ground water. For this, various samples of contaminated ground water
were allowed to react with various loadings of Fe0 nanoparticles for a reaction period of 60 min. Data showed 100% reduction of Cr(VI) in all the contaminated ground water
samples after treatment with 0.20 gL−1 of Fe0 nanoparticles. An increase in the reduction of Cr(VI) from 45% to 100% was noticed with the increase in the loading of Fe0 nanoparticles from 0.05 to 0.20 gL−1. Reaction kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction showed pseudo first-order kinetics with rate constant in the range of 1.1 × 10−3 to 3.9 × 10−3 min−1. This work demonstrates the potential utility of Fe0 nanoparticles in treatment and remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated water source. 相似文献
436.
Manoj Kumar R. P. Singh S. Panigrahy A. S. Raghubanshi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(8):4971-4985
In agroecosystems, the annual carbon (C) inputs to soil are one of the most promising greenhouse gas mitigation options. Net primary productivity (NPP) provides the inputs of C in ecosystems that can potentially be sequestered in soil organic matter. In this study, we estimates the C density and accumulation rate in rice–wheat agroecosystem at four sites of Indo-Gangetic Plains and Vindhyan highlands through amalgamation of ground truth (GT) and remote sensing (RS) approach. In addition to this, we validated field-measured aboveground net production (ANP) with remotely sensed SPOT-Vegetation data. ANP of the sites ranged from 6.8 to 11.1 and 3.3 to 8.8 t-C ha?1 year?1 for GT and RS, respectively. Both estimates (GT and RS) were linearly and significantly related with each other (y?=?1.33x???5.82, R 2?=?0.93, P?=?0.04; where x?=?GT ANP and y?=?RS ANP). For the whole region, total NPP (rice?+?wheat) was ranged from 7.9 to 12.5 t-C ha?1 year?1. The C accumulation potential of the present agroecosystems was 9.1 and 1.9 t-C ha?1 year?1 in the form of ANP and belowground NPP (BNP), respectively. The aboveground C stock of agroecosystem allocated in foliage (7.8 %), stem (57.6 %), and grain (35.1 %). Survey about the fate of post-harvested materials indicated that aboveground portion of the crop is almost used completely within the year for different purposes including human consumption and cattle feeding. Therefore, only BNP and litter contribute to long-term C sequestration. Since agroecosystem has enormous potential to sequester C, better management of aboveground portion NPP of the crop may enhance C sequestration potential of agroecosystem. 相似文献
437.
Viral G. Akbari Rupal D. Pandya Satya P. Singh 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(10):6351-6362
The assessment of the microbial diversity of the entire community of a given habitat requires the extraction of the total environmental DNA. Metagenomic investigations of a petroleum-polluted habitat have its unique challenges. The specific methods were developed for the extraction of high-quality metagenome in good quantity from the petroleum-polluted saline and non-saline sites in Gujarat (India). The soil samples were washed to remove the toxic, hazardous organic pollutants which might interfere with the recovery of the metagenomic DNA. The metagenomic DNA extraction results were encouraging with the mechanical bead beating, soft lysis, and combination of both. The extracted DNA was assessed for its purity and yield followed by its application in the amplification of the 16S rRNA region. The amplicons were used for judging the molecular diversity by the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The microbial diversity was also analyzed statistically by calculating various diversity indices and principal component analysis (PCA). The results on the metagenomic diversity of the bacterial population among the three cohorts based on the culture-independent technique exhibited significant difference among the PAH sites and Okha–Madhi and Porbandar Madhavpur habitats. 相似文献
438.
Assessment of phenol infiltration resilience in soil media by HYDRUS-1D transport model for a waste discharge site 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. Adhikari S. Pal B. Chakraborty S. N. Mukherjee A. Gangopadhyay 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(10):6417-6432
The movement of contaminants through soil imparts a variety of geo-environmental problem inclusive of lithospheric pollution. Near-surface aquifers are often vulnerable to contamination from surface source if overlying soil possesses poor resilience or contaminant attenuation capacity. The prediction of contaminant transport through soil is urged to protect groundwater from sources of pollutants. Using field simulation through column experiments and mathematical modeling like HYDRUS-1D, assessment of soil resilience and movement of contaminants through the subsurface to reach aquifers can be predicted. An outfall site of effluents of a coke oven plant comprising of alarming concentration of phenol (4–12.2 mg/L) have been considered for studying groundwater condition and quality, in situ soil characterization, and effluent characterization. Hydrogeological feature suggests the presence of near-surface aquifers at the effluent discharge site. Analysis of groundwater of nearby locality reveals the phenol concentration (0.11–0.75 mg/L) exceeded the prescribed limit of WHO specification (0.002 mg/L). The in situ soil, used in column experiment, possess higher saturated hydraulic conductivity (K S ?=?5.25?×?10?4 cm/s). The soil containing 47 % silt, 11 % clay, and 1.54 % organic carbon content was found to be a poor absorber of phenol (24 mg/kg). The linear phenol adsorption isotherm model showed the best fit (R 2?=?0.977, RMSE?=?1.057) to the test results. Column experiments revealed that the phenol removal percent and the length of the mass transfer zone increased with increasing bed heights. The overall phenol adsorption efficiency was found to be 42–49 %. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) predicted by HYDRUS-1D model appears to be close fitting with the BTCs derived from the column experiments. The phenol BTC predicted by the HYDRUS-1D model for 1.2 m depth subsurface soil, i.e., up to the depth of groundwater in the study area, showed that the exhaustion point was reached within 12 days of elapsed time. This clearly demonstrated poor attenuation capacity of the soil to retard migration of phenol to the groundwater from the surface outfall site. Suitable liner, based on these data, may be designed to inhibit subsurface transport of phenol and thereby to protect precious groundwater from contamination. 相似文献
439.
Air samples for PM(10) (dp?10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) were collected from March 2007 to February 2008 near Taj Mahal-a historically sensitive site in Agra. Each sample collected on 20.3?×?25.4-cm Whatman quartz microfiber filter using respirable dust sampler was analyzed gravimetrically for mass concentrations and chemically for elements such as Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Cd, Ba, and Pb by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inorganic ions such as NH (4) (+) , K(+), SO (4) (2-) , NO (3) (-) , F(-), and Cl(-) by ion chromatograph. Annual average of PM(10) 155.47?±?77.97 μg/m(3) was three times high the annual average NAAQ standard of 50 μg/m(3) for sensitive area. PM(10) as well as K(+), Cl(-), As, and Pb were higher in winter while crust elements and secondary aerosols were higher in summer. The average equivalent ratio of NH (4) (+) to sum up of SO (4) (2-) and NO (3) (-) was greater than unity which indicates high source strength of ammonia and alkaline nature of aerosols in Agra. Source apportionment of PM(10) was carried out by factor analysis using principal component analysis (varimax rotated factor matrix method) of SPSS. Five sources contributing to PM(10) were identified as crust material, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, coal and biomass burning, and secondary aerosols. 相似文献
440.
Kumar A Ramanathan AL Prabha S Ranjan RK Ranjan S Singh G 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(5):3027-3042
The pollution of aquifer sediments by heavy metals has assumed serious concern due to their toxicity and accumulative behavior.
Changes in environmental conditions can strongly influence the behavior of both essential and toxic elements by altering the
forms in which they occur and therefore quantification of the different forms of metal is more meaningful than total metal
concentrations. In this study, fractionation of metal ions in aquifer sediments of Semria Ojhapatti area, Bhojpur district,
Bihar has been studied to determine the ecotoxic potential of metal ions. The investigations suggest that iron, copper, and
arsenic have a tendency to remain associated in the following order residual > reducible > acid-soluble > oxidizable; manganese
and zinc have tendency to be associated as residual > acid-soluble > reducible > oxidizable. The risk assessment code reveals
that manganese and zinc occur in significant concentration in acid-soluble fraction and therefore comes under the high risk
category and can easily enter the food chain. Most of the iron, copper, and arsenic occur as immobile fraction (i.e. residual)
followed by its presence in reducible fraction and would pose threat to the water quality due to changing redox conditions.
The metal enrichment factor in the study area shows moderate to significant metal enrichment in the aquifer sediments which
may pose a real threat in near future. The geo-accumulation index of metals also shows that the metals lie in the range of
strongly contaminated (for iron at shallow depths) to moderately contaminated to uncontaminated values. 相似文献