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151.
152.
George A. Jutze Robert L. Harris JR. Maurice Georgevich Robert A. Taft 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):291-293
A program has been designed to meet a nationwide intelligence-gathering responsibility to obtain general and relative information on current and potential air pollution in areas where interstate transport of pollution may reasonably be expected to exist. This paper describes the field devices utilized in the program. By means of these static “effects packages,” data will be accumulated on: dustfall, particulate impingement, sulfation, corrosion, and tarnishing of metals, and deterioration of textiles, dyes, and rubber. Data accumulated during the “pilot phase” of the program will be discussed. 相似文献
153.
Fisher WS Davis WP Quarles RL Patrick J Campbell JG Harris PS Hemmer BL Parsons M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,125(1-3):347-360
Coral reefs provide shoreline protection, biological diversity, fishery harvests, and tourism, all values that stem from the
physically-complex coral infrastructure. Stony corals (scleractinians) construct and maintain the reef through deposition
of calcium carbonate. Therefore, assessment of coral reefs requires at least some measurement endpoints that reflect the biological
and physical condition of stony corals. Most monitoring programs portray coral quantity as live coral cover, which is the
two-dimensional proportion of coral surface to sea floor viewed from above (planar view). The absence of the third dimension,
however, limits our ability to characterize coral reef value, physiology, health and sustainability. A three-dimensional (3D)
approach more realistically characterizes coral structure available as community habitat and, when combined with estimates
of live coral tissue, quantifies the amount of living coral available for photosynthesis, growth and reproduction. A rapid
coral survey procedure that coupled 3D coral quantification with more traditional survey measurements was developed and tested
in the field. The survey procedure relied on only three underwater observations – species identification, colony size, and
proportion of live tissue – made on each colony in the transect. These observations generated a variety of metrics, including
several based on 3D colony surface area, that are relevant to reef management. 相似文献
154.
Background ozone levels of air entering the west coast of the US and assessment of longer-term changes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Samuel J. Oltmans Allen S. Lefohn Joyce M. Harris Douglas S. Shadwick 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2008,42(24):6020-6038
An analysis of surface ozone measurements at a west coast site in northern California (Trinidad Head) demonstrates that this location is well situated to sample air entering the west coast of the US from the Pacific Ocean. During the seasonal maximum in the spring, this location regularly observes hourly average ozone mixing ratios 50 ppbv in air that is uninfluenced by the North American continent. Mean daytime values in the spring exceed 40 ppbv. A location in southern California (Channel Islands National Park) demonstrates many of the characteristics during the spring as Trinidad Head in terms of air flow patterns and ozone amounts suggesting that background levels of ozone entering southern California from the Pacific Ocean are similar to those in northern California. Two inland locations (Yreka and Lassen Volcanic National Park) in northern California with surface ozone data records of 20 years or more are more difficult to interpret because of possible influences of local or regional changes. They show differing results for the long-term trend during the spring. The 10-year ozone vertical profile measurements obtained with weekly ozonesondes at Trinidad Head show no significant longer-term change in tropospheric ozone. 相似文献
155.
White PC Newton-Cross GA Moberly RL Smart JC Baker PJ Harris S 《Journal of environmental management》2003,67(2):187-197
There is increasing concern about the use of lethal methods to control wild mammal populations, especially those methods that may have significant impacts on animal welfare. The continued use of dogs to hunt wild mammals in England and Wales, principally foxes (Vulpes vulpes), red deer (Cervus elaphus), brown hares (Lepus europaeus) and mink (Mustela vison), has become a focus for political debate and has been the subject of a recent UK government inquiry. This paper reports the results of a questionnaire study to quantify the use, effectiveness and acceptability of the different methods currently used to manage these four species, and future changes in management following a possible ban on hunting with dogs. There was no straightforward relationship between culling pressure and perceived pest status of the different species from the questionnaire data. For foxes and brown hares, the proportion of land managers (practitioners) carrying out lethal control was higher than that considering these species to be pests. However, the reverse was the case for mink. The most frequently used and effective control methods, which were most acceptable to practitioners and public alike, were various forms of shooting. The general public perceived hunting with dogs as one of the least acceptable means of control for all four species. Practitioners thought that hunting with dogs for red deer and the use of terriers against foxes were among the least acceptable forms of control, but considered hunting with dogs in other situations and for other species to be relatively acceptable. Most practitioners said a ban on hunting with dogs would make no difference to their management of the four species. A ban on hunting with dogs would have minimal impact on populations of foxes, red deer and mink, but it may be of conservation benefit to hares. 相似文献
156.
The structure of the larval fish assemblages in three large estuarine systems on the KwaZulu-Natal coast of South Africa
was examined using a combination of univariate, distributional and multivariate techniques. The database was comprised of
a full annual set of larval fish samples taken from each estuarine system: Durban Harbour, Richards Bay Harbour and St Lucia
Estuary. The mean monthly densities of each species in each system were used in the species matrix, and the mean monthly values
of salinity, temperature and turbidity were used in the environmental matrix. The mean species diversity and evenness index
were significantly higher in Durban Harbour (H′ = 1.03, J′ = 0.65) than in the other two systems. The cumulative dominance curve showed that St Lucia Estuary has a high dominance
of a few species, with Richards Bay Harbour intermediate and Durban Harbour being the most diverse. Classification and MDS
(multiple-dimensional scaling) analyses of larval fish densities in all three systems grouped together into three main clusters
on the basis of system. The species similarity matrix (inverse analysis) clustered into five groups at the 25% similarity
level. The MDS analysis of the same matrix showed that the groups separated out according to the degree of estuarine association
of a species and hence habitat type. The species most responsible for system groupings were: Glossogobius callidus, Gilchristella aestuaria, Stolephorus holodon, Croilia mossambica and Gobiid 12. The “best fitting” of the environmental variables to explain the larval fish community patterns in each system
was turbidity on its own (weighted Spearman's rank correlation, ρw = 0.55). The relationship of larval densities to environmental conditions was shown to be species-specific with estuarine
species (e.g. G. callidus and G. aestuaria), having a strong positive correlation with temperature and turbidity but negative correlations with salinity. In summary,
much longer term studies with more sites within each system are needed to assess whether the larval fish assemblages are stable
or at an equilibrium (both spatially and temporally) and whether these assemblages are indicative of the relative “health”
and nursery function of the system.
Received: 28 April 1999 / Accepted: 30 May 2000 相似文献
157.
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160.
Bud Ward Christopher Harris 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):254-258
The 1984 amendments by Congress to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) resulted primarily from a sense of frustration with EPA's apparent lack of progress in addressing the myriad problems associated with hazardous waste management. The amendments were also a manifestation of Congress’ clear sense of purpose in wanting to steer a radically different course at much greater speed. Whether this bold experiment works remains to be seen. EPA appears to be committed to carrying out both the letter and spirit of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, but no one should underestimate the magnitude of the task. 相似文献