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51.
Cyril Bourgeois Nosra Ben Fradj Pierre-Alain Jayet 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2014,19(5):389-405
This paper assesses the cost-effectiveness of a mixed policy in attempts to reduce the presence of three nitrogen pollutants: NO 3, N 2O, and NH 3. The policy under study combines a tax on nitrogen input and incentives promoting perennial crops assumed to require low input. We show that the mixed policy improves the cost-effectiveness of regulation with regard to nitrates, whereas no improvement occurs, except for a very low level of subsidy in some cases, for gas pollutants. A quantitative analysis provides an assessment of impacts in terms of land use, farmers’ income, and nitrogen losses throughout France and at river-basin scale. 相似文献
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Badreddine Barhoumi Karyn LeMenach Marie-Hélène Devier Walid Ben Ameur Henry Etcheber Hélène Budzinski Jérôme Cachot Mohamed Ridha Driss 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(5):2653-2669
To assess the status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments from the Bizerte Lagoon (northern Tunisia), 18 surface sediment samples were collected in March 2011 and analyzed for 14 US Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs by high-performance liquid chromatography. The total concentrations of the 14 PAHs (ΣPAHs) ranged from 16.9 to 394.1 ng g?1 dry weight (dw) with a mean concentration of 85.5 ng g?1 dw. Compared with other lagoons, coasts, and bays in the world, the concentrations of PAHs in surface sediments of the Bizerte Lagoon are low to moderate. The PAHs’ composition pattern was dominated by the presence of four-ring PAHs (45.8 %) followed by five-ring (26.8 %) and three-ring PAHs (12.7 %). The PAH source analysis suggested that the main origin of PAHs in the sediments of the lagoon was mainly from pyrolytic sources. According to the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines of the USA, the levels of PAHs in the Bizerte Lagoon should not exert adverse biological effects. The total benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent values calculated for the samples varied from 3.1 to 53.7 ng g?1 dw with an average of 10.6 ng g?1 dw. 相似文献
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Bos & Lommer is a district in the west of Amsterdam. The new centre, consisting of the district office, 96 apartments, a few dozen businesses and shops, a two-storey parking lot with capacity for more than 500 cars, and a market place, was completed in 2004. Less than 2 years later, in July 2006, this whole multifunctional complex had to be urgently cleared, because its safety could not be guaranteed.The investigations revealed that the planning and realisation of the Bos & Lommer complex were anything but exceptional. What happened there could have happened anywhere in the Netherlands and possibly elsewhere.This paper analyses the decision-making process in the planning and construction of the Bos & Lommerplein estate on the basis of accident causation theories. It will ascertain which safety science methodology is best equipped to describe and analyse the events in this multifunctional estate. The analysis forms the basis for a reflection on a set of concrete guidelines for designing and constructing complex projects. Construction safety would be enhanced if the scope for improvement in decision-making on complex building projects were properly utilised. 相似文献
57.
The most important obstacle to solving diffuse pollution problems is that emissions are either unobservable or cannot be observed at a reasonable cost. Biophysical models may provide sufficient information to set a cost-effective emission tax. However, evidence from recent studies has shown that transaction costs for emission-based policies are higher per hectare than for input-based policies. An economic model of agriculture for the Kennet catchment in south-east England shows that, when transaction costs are accounted for, an input tax is more efficient than an emission tax over a range of emission standards. This result has policy implications in that it indicates, first, that economists' policy recommendations should account for transaction costs, and, secondly, that the standard advice that emission-based policies are superior may be wrong where transaction costs differ substantially between emission- and input-based policies. 相似文献
58.
Nusholtz GS Famili F Di Domenico L Shi Y Aoun ZB Hongsakaphadana Y 《Traffic injury prevention》2003,4(2):128-135
An investigation was conducted to estimate the effectiveness of air bags as a function of velocity. The study consisted of three parts: a theoretical idealization, an analysis of National Automotive Sampling System/Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS), and a reanalysis of previously published Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data. The theoretical analysis looked at idealized risk curves as a function of velocity; assuming that the air bag offers a benefit for both belted and unbelted occupants. Analysis of the NASS/CDS data looked at the effectiveness of air bags as a function of velocity for Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) 3+ injuries. The reanalysis of the previously published FARS data looked at the effectiveness of the air bag as a function of velocity for fatalities. The theoretical analysis indicates that the air bag effectiveness should be greatest at the low velocities. The field data analysis of both NASS/CDS and FARS were consistent with the theoretical analysis, indicating that air bags are most effective at the lower velocities, below 40 kph (25 mph), for both belted and unbelted occupants. Although it was not possible to estimate a different effect for belted and unbelted for fatalities using FARS, it was possible for MAIS 3+ using NASS/CDS. For unbelted occupants the effectiveness goes to zero or becomes negative above 40 kph (25 mph) for MAIS 3+, and for belted occupants the effectiveness stays positive but with significantly lower magnitude for speeds above 40 kph (25 mph). 相似文献
59.
An Exploration of the Value of Naturalness and Wild Nature 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ben Ridder 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(2):195-213
The source of the value of naturalness is of considerable relevance for the conservation movement, to philosophers, and to
society generally. However, naturalness is a complex quality and resists straightforward definition. Here, two interpretations
of what is “natural” are explored. One of these assesses the naturalness of species and ecosystems with reference to a benchmark
date, such as the advent of industrialization. The value of naturalness in this case largely reflects prioritization of the
value of biodiversity. However, the foundation of our understanding of naturalness is that it describes processes that are
free of human intervention. Conflict between the two interpretations of naturalness is apparent in the claim that naturalness
can be enhanced by human intervention, in the form of ecological restoration. Although naturalness in its purest form precludes
human intervention, some human activities are also apparently more natural than others. This continuum of naturalness relates
to the autonomy of the individual from abstract instrumentalism, which describes a particular form of influence ubiquitous
in contemporary society. The value of naturalness reflects both dissatisfaction with these threats to personal autonomy, and
respect for wild nature as the embodiment of a larger-than-human realm. 相似文献
60.
Ben A. Minteer Elizabeth A. Corley 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(4):307-333
Few disputes in the annals of US environmentalism enjoy the pedigree of the conservation-preservation debate. Yet, although
many scholars have written extensively on the meaning and history of conservation and preservation in American environmental
thought and practice, the resonance of these concepts outside the academic literature has not been sufficiently examined.
Given the significance of the ideals of conservation and preservation in the justification of environmental policy and management,
however, we believe that a more detailed analysis of the real-world use and understanding of these ideas is needed. In this
paper, we describe the results of a qualitative, semantic study of the concepts of conservation and preservation undertaken
in the context of the Chattahoochee National Forest (CNF), located in northern Georgia (USA). Thirty in-depth interviews were
conducted with scientists and north Georgia residents either interested or involved in the future management of the forest.
Respondents were asked to define conservation and preservation in their own words and to indicate which approach they felt
was more appropriate for the management of the CNF. Qualitative content analysis was used to elicit a set of recurring themes
for each foundational concept. Taken together, these themes help to flesh out the meaning of conservation and preservation
for citizens and scientists today, and illustrate the evolving nature of two of the more significant and venerable ideas animating
US environmental policy and management. 相似文献