盐雾试验方墨探讨

分析了不同盐雾试验方法标准对盐溶液配制、试样的处理和检测、试验参数、试验过程控制等方面的不同要求,探讨了盐雾试验的操作技术,提出了必须严格控制盐雾试验过程的建议和不能用不同标准进行的盐雾试验结果进行比较的观点.     

城市可持续发展环境经济评价及案例

基于城市发展测度演变的分析、明确真实储蓄作为城市可持续发展综合评价指标的经济学含义和政策意义：并针对世界银行在地区真实储蓄测算方法上的不足,重点探讨在真实储蓄测算中如何考虑城市开放性、资源折旧、环境污染损失评估计算的界定问题。文中还以烟台市为试点城市,利用真实储蓄及相关指标评价了该市不同发展时期的可持续发展水平。     

高锰酸盐复合剂强化饮用水除污染生产性研究

采用依时间序列进行对比的方法,考察了高锰酸盐复合剂(PPC)对饮用水源的强化除污染效能。生产性实验结果表明,PPC具有优良的强化混凝和强化过滤效能,能显著降低水厂沉后水和滤后水的浊度、COD_Mn、UV₂₅₄等水质指标。与未投加时相比较,水厂投加PPC后沉后水和滤后水浊度分别降低了25%和33.3%,沉后水和滤后水COD_Mn去除率分别提高了15.3%和11.5%,UV₂₅₄去除率分别提高了16.3%和9.5%。同时,GC/MS分析表明PPC能有效去除水源水中的多种微量有机污染物,显著提高饮用水的化学安全性。PPC通过高锰酸钾的氧化作用,水合二氧化锰的吸附作用,以及各组分间的协同强化作用,显著提高了对水中污染物质的去除效率。     

植物多酚物质原位钝化污染土壤重金属的研究Ⅱ.对土壤Cu环境行为和生物活性的影响动态

通过室内好气培养和生物盆栽试验研究了缩合类植物多酚L和Y以及 8 羟基喹啉在污染红壤和潮土中的降解动态及其对土壤Cu环境行为的影响 .结果表明植物多酚在两周内降解相对较快 ,而 8 羟基喹啉则难以降解 .与空白相比 ,Cu污染土壤中施用植物多酚后土壤水溶性Cu显著下降 ,钝化Cu的效果次序为 :8 羟基喹啉 >多酚Y >多酚L .随着植物多酚的降解 ,土壤Cu被释出 ,其水溶性Cu浓度与残留在土壤中多酚浓度 (以DOC浓度表示 )呈负相关关系 ,尤其在潮土上更为明显 ,而pH与水溶性Cu没有相关性 .试验还发现 ,钝化剂施用后 ,小麦体内的Cu含量降低 ,因此 ,植物多酚是钝化重金属污染土壤的良好选择     

上海市一次重雾霾过程的天气特征及成因分析

2013年11月30日至12月9日上海地区出现入冬以来一次最严重的持续性雾霾天气过程,严重影响了该地区人们的生活健康.本文借助空气质量数据、地面气象要素、卫星遥感数据并结合后向轨迹模式反映了此次重污染过程的污染特征及其成因.结果表明,污染期间,PM2.5与PM10小时浓度变化趋势基本一致,高浓度值出现在早晚8时左右,主要是由该时段的逆温现象造成的;来自西北方向污染物的远距离输送影响了本地空气质量状况,气团在不同高度层做下沉运动,造成大气层结稳定;该地区在西北方向的弱高压控制下,地面风速较小,能见度低,天气条件静稳,不利于污染物扩散,造成持续性重污染事件;卫星遥感数据显示此次污染为区域性污染.     

Diurnal and spatial variations of soil NOx fluxes in the northern steppe of China

NO_x emissions from biogenic sources in soils play a significant role in the gaseous loss of soil nitrogen and consequent changes in tropospheric chemistry. In order to investigate the characteristics of NO_x fluxes and factors influencing these fluxes in degraded sandy grasslands in northern China, diurnal and spatial variations of NO_x fluxes were measured in situ. A dynamic flux chamber method was used at eight sites with various vegetation coverages and soil types in the northern steppe of China in the summer season of 2010. Fluxes of NO_x from soils with plant covers were generally higher than those in the corresponding bare vegetation-free soils, indicating that the canopy plays an important role in the exchange of NO_x between soil and air. The fluxes of NO_x increased in the daytime, and decreased during the nighttime, with peak emissions occurring between 12:00 and 14:00. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the diurnal variation of NO_x fluxes was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.05) and negatively with soil moisture content (P < 0.05). Based on measurement over a season, the overall variation in NO_x flux was lower than that of soil nitrogen contents, suggesting that the gaseous loss of N fromthe grasslands of northern China was not a significant contributor to the high C/N in the northern steppe of China. The concentration of NO_x emitted from soils in the region did not exceed the 1-hr National Ambient Air Quality Standard (0.25 mg/m³).     

三江平原水田灌溉-排水过程中铁形态变化及输出贡献

采集三江平原农田灌溉地下水、稻田积水、渠系排水、土壤侧渗水,并采用切向超滤技术分离水体中不同形态铁,分析在灌溉排水及地下侧渗水中铁的迁移特征,并估算水田排水中铁的输出贡献.结果表明,在灌溉排水过程中,铁主要以低分子量形态和酸性不稳定形态迁移,地下水中Fe2+含量占可溶态铁的80.45%;地下水抽取到稻田后Fe2+含量显著降低,络合态铁含量升高,稻田积水中络合态铁占可溶态铁的75.50%;稻田积水排入渠系后,络合态铁中不稳定弱配位铁含量降低13.58%,其他铁形态变化不大.稻田积水通过地下侧渗进入渠系,随侧渗水体深度加深,Fe2+含量升高,络合态和胶体态铁含量降低,地下侧渗水向渠系水主要提供络合态和胶体态铁.三江平原湿地水田化改变了水体中铁的输出形态,同时,排水过程中铁的输出也对河流形成补给,水田灌溉排水过程可溶态铁的输出通量约为390kg.a-.1km-2,输出系数为0.186,灌溉-排水过程中残留在稻田土壤中铁的量约为1460kg.a-.1km-2,残留在排水渠系土壤中铁的量约为250kg.a-.1km-2,这对三江平原水土环境产生了深远影响.     

Microbial reduction of uranium (VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2: A macroscopic and spectroscopic study

The microbial reduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2, isolated from soil in Southwest China, was explored using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Our studies indicated that approximately 16.0% of U(VI) at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L uranium nitrate could be reduced by Bacillus sp. dwc-2 at pH 8.2 under anaerobic conditions at room temperature. Additionally, natural organic matter (NOM) played an important role in enhancing the bioreduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2. XPS results demonstrated that the uranium presented mixed valence states (U(VI) and U(IV)) after bioreduction, which was subsequently confirmed by XANES. Furthermore, the TEM and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis suggested that the reduced uranium was bioaccumulated mainly within the cell and as a crystalline structure on the cell wall. These observations implied that the reduction of uranium may have a significant effect on its fate in the soil environment in which these bacterial strains occur.     

排水造林对小兴安岭湿地土壤溶解性有机碳生物降解和淋溶的影响

以小兴安岭湿地为研究对象,分析了不同年代排水造林的森林沼泽湿地土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量变化及生物降解特征,探讨了排水造林时间对土壤DOC及无机氮(NH+4-N+NO-3-N)淋溶动态变化的影响.结果表明:1排水造林时间对土壤DOC含量变化影响显著(p0.05).2003年(PS03)、1992年(PS92)、1985年(PS85)排水造林后的人工兴安落叶松湿地土壤DOC含量均低于未排水造林的天然兴安落叶松苔草湿地(XATC),且排水造林时间越长,土壤DOC含量越少.2在生物降解过程中,土壤DOC的变化趋势表现为初期降解速率较快,而后逐渐减慢并趋于稳定.其中周转时间为1 d的易降解DOC所占比重表现为:PS92XATCPS03PS85,表明排水时间达到一定阈值后,易降解DOC部分可能会转化为难降解部分.3在淋溶过程中,随着淋溶次数的增加,淋出液中DOC含量呈现为先增加后减小的趋势,淋溶1 d后,不同年代排水造林的森林沼泽湿地土壤DOC的淋失率表现为:PS85PS92PS03XATC,表明排水造林时间越长,土壤DOC淋失率越大,因此长时间的排水造林改造可能进一步影响土壤养分的贮量及其有效性.