重庆市道路交通噪声现状及改善对策

随着我市城市经济、工业、交通运输业的发展，噪声已经严重地干扰了人们的生活，甚至影响到身体健康，成为污染环境的公害之一。在我市各类环境噪声中以道路交通噪声污染最为严重，历年来的城市高噪声声源总体上均以交通噪声为主，民有汽车从1990年的39898辆迅速上升至2001年的495798辆，其增长势头至今未见衰竭，道路交通噪声污染综合整治工作已显得异常的重要和艰巨。根据十几年来重庆市道路交通噪声监测资料，对重庆市道路交通噪声状况、变化趋势进行了分析研究，分析了道路交通噪声污染的原因，提出了改善声环境质量的对策建议。     

好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥细菌种群结构对五氯酚污染的响应研究

应用一种新的微生物分子生态学方法--末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)法研究了好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥在毒性化合物五氯酚(PCP)影响下的废水处理性能及其微生物种群结构的响应.结果表明,PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,颗粒污泥和活性污泥的COD去除率为38%、77%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了56%和15%.另外,PCP浓度为20 mg·L-1时,去除率为13%和58%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了86%和40%,说明PCP对氨氮去除率的影响大于对COD去除率的影响,对颗粒污泥的影响大于对活性污泥的影响.PCP对好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥的细菌种群结构都产生了明显的影响,而且好氧颗粒污泥的变化程度大于活性污泥;PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,好氧颗粒污泥中的细菌种群数量明显下降,TRFs片段数从26下降到14,但活性污泥中的细菌种群数量基本不变,污泥中细菌种群结构的变化趋势与污泥的水处理性能的变化趋势相一致.     

污水行业除臭技术及其应用

近年来,随着全国各地排水设施的建设和发展,在污水收集,转输,处理过程中,恶臭气体大量产生,影响环境,引起越来越多的水务工作者关注.结合工程实例,文章就污水行业恶臭气体的产生,成份,抑制、控制及治理措施进行论述.     

发展绿色汽车促进环境保护

针对汽车引发的环境问题，介绍了汽车节能，减少尾气排放，汽车材料改进方面的发展历程的最新实践。     

西昆仑造山带花岗岩研究新进展

西昆仑造山带包括西昆仑山、喀喇昆仑山和帕米尔高原部分地区,是青藏高原有机组成部分.它位于古亚洲构造域与特提斯构造域结合部位,大地构造位置特殊,研究意义重要.区内岩浆活动强烈,花岗岩广泛出露.已有许多学者对该区花岗岩作过研究,但以往的研究基本沿中巴公路和新藏公路进行,并侧重于年代学方面,还没有从花岗岩岩石系列和成因类型(前人主要报道过钙碱性系列和Ⅰ型花岗岩)以及构造-岩浆演化等方面作深入研究.本次工作深入到西昆仑造山带腹地,对区内不同时期有代表性的22个花岗岩体进行了地质、地球化学综合研究,取得了如下重要进展和创新认识:     

蔬菜对重金属富集能力的研究--以广州蔬菜生产基地为例

通过调查广州蔬菜生产基地蔬菜地土壤和主要蔬菜重金属污染状况，运用数理统计方法研究和比较了不同蔬菜对Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr和As的富集能力。结果表明：各种蔬菜对重金属元素的富集能力与蔬菜生长特性以及与不同蔬菜对重金属元素吸收特性(遗传特性)的差异性密切相关，以富集系数表示蔬菜对元素富集能力高低，按平均值大小对不同蔬菜富集系数进行排序并分类。     

Probabilistic risk assessment for pedestrian–vehicle collision considering uncertainties of pedestrian mobility

Objectives: The uncertainties of pedestrian mobility are important factors affecting the accuracy and robustness of an active pedestrian protection system. This study is to provide the means for probabilistic risk evaluation of pedestrian–vehicle collision by counting the uncertainties in pedestrian motion.

Method: The pedestrian is modeled by a first-order Markov model to characterize the stochastic properties in mobility according to field experiments of pedestrians crossing an uncontrolled road. Based on the assumption of Gaussian distribution, unscented transformation (UT) is employed to predict the collision risk probability with the symmetric σ-set constructed on the basis of discrete trajectory simulation. Simulation experiments were carried out with 10,000 Monte Carlo (MC) simulations as the reference.

Results: The probability density distributions of time-to-collision, minimal distance, and collision probability estimated by UT coincide with the reference ones under various vehicle–pedestrian conflict scenarios, and the maximal deviation of collision probability from the reference is 5.33%. The UT method is about 600 times faster than the MC method (10,000 runs), which means that the proposed method has the potential for online application.

Conclusions: This article presents an effective and efficient algorithm to estimate the collision probability by using a UT method to solve the nonlinear transformation of uncertainties in pedestrian motion. Simulation results show that the UT-based method achieves accurate collision probability estimation and higher computation efficiency than MC and provides more valuable information concerning collision avoidance than the deterministic methods in the design of a pedestrian collision avoidance system.     

Carbonaceous matter in glacier at the headwaters of the Yangtze River: Concentration, sources and fractionation during the melting process

Carbonaceous matter has an important impact on glacial retreat in the Tibetan Plateau, further affecting the water resource supply. However, the related studies on carbonaceous matter are still scarce in Geladaindong (GLDD) region, the source of the Yangtze River. Therefore, the concentration, source and variations of carbonaceous matter at Ganglongjiama (GLJM) glacier in GLDD region were investigated during the melting period in 2017, which could deepen our understanding on carbonaceous matter contribution to glacier melting. The results showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of snowpit samples (283?±?200?μg/L) was much lower than that of precipitation samples (624?±?361?μg/L), indicating that large parts of DOC could be rapidly leached from the snowpit during the melting process. In contrast, refractory black carbon (rBC) concentration measured by Single Particle Soot Photometer of snowpit samples (4.27?±?3.15?μg/L) was much higher than that of precipitation samples (0.97?±?0.49?μg/L). Similarly, DOC with high mass absorption cross-section measured at 365?nm value was also likely to enrich in snowpit during the melting process. In addition, it was found that both rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability began to leach from the snowpit when melting process became stronger. Therefore, rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability exhibited similar behavior during the melting process. Based on relationship among DOC, rBC and K⁺ in precipitation, the main source of carbonaceous matter in GLJM glacier was biomass burning during the study period.     

Monitoring the levels of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in passenger cars: Utilisation of car air filters as active samplers

Filters in residential and office air conditioning(A/C) systems have been used as sampling devices for monitoring different pollutants.However,cabin air filters(CAFs) in the A/C system of passenger cars have not been utilised for this purpose.In this study,we collected22 used CAFs from passenger cars in Hanoi,Vietnam to analyse for 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) and 10 organophosphate esters(OPEs).All the analytes were detected in more than 50% of samples with the exception of BDE153 and BDE154.The average concentrations of ∑_(10)OPEs and ∑_8 BDEs in the captured dust were 2600 and 40 ng/g,respectively with Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate(TCIPP) and BDE209 as the dominant congener in OPE and BDE groups,respectively.CAFs are a potential tool to qualitatively assess the levels of semi-volatile chemicals in suspended dust in cars as a screening step for exposure assessment of those chemicals.