中央生态环境保护督察对经济短期影响的计量分析评估

学界和社会对中央生态环境保护督察执法对我国经济的长期利好均无异议,但对短期影响各方观点不一,其定量研究不足。我们利用宏观经济、金融监管和生态环境保护督察相关数据,从生态环境保护督察对财政收入、工业增加值和GDP等的影响方面进行了定量分析。最后提出,应正确认识和充分肯定中央生态环境保护督察对促进环境质量改善与经济高质量发展的积极作用和正向效果,保持战略定力,在后续工作中坚持分类施治、精细治理,并协同促进关停企业与就业转移,加大财政对环保产业和污染企业环保设备升级换代的支持力度。     

内蒙古河套灌区排水干沟微塑料赋存特征及质量估算

陆地径流中微塑料污染因其与人类联系更紧密已越来越受到人们的广泛关注,为分析内蒙古河套灌区排水干沟和总排水干沟微塑料的赋存特征并对其质量进行估算,通过现场采样、密度悬浮法分离、显微镜观察、傅里叶红外光谱测定和比例流量法等,鉴定了河套灌区排水干沟和总排水干沟水体和沉积物中微塑料的丰度分布、形状、颜色、粒径和化学成分,并估算了总排水干沟日输送微塑料的质量.结果表明,河套灌区排水干沟和总排水干沟水体中微塑料丰度值范围为2880~11200 n ·m^-3,沉积物中微塑料丰度值范围为100~292 n ·kg^-1;纤维状为最常见的微塑料形态,分别占据水体和沉积物的34.98%~70.39%和42.24%~58.56%;微塑料颜色以透明为主,分别占据水体和沉积物的46.43%~61.51%和40.41%~57.44%;微塑料粒径以<0.5 mm粒径最多,分别占据水体和沉积物微塑料的46.43%~61.51%和43.27%~54.79%;利用傅里叶红外光谱得出聚乙烯是最常见的类型（43%）,其次是聚苯乙烯（34%）和聚丙烯（16%）;通过估算得出河套灌区总排水干沟每天可向乌梁素海排放的微塑料质量达到116.06 kg,并在乌梁素海积蓄后产生严重的微塑料污染效应.本研究可为内蒙古河套灌区微塑料的污染提供参考和借鉴.     

株洲城郊农田土壤重金属污染特征与Pb同位素示踪

通过采集湖南株洲城郊农田区表层土壤（A层）,并分析其Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn等重金属元素含量,研究了土壤中重金属元素的污染特征.为示踪这些金属元素的来源,选择农田区典型土壤样品及湘江沉积物、污染源区土壤样品,进行重金属元素含量和Pb同位素组成测定.结果表明,农田区A层土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,其中,Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn含量最高,分别为21.71、24.52、261.49、577.94 mg·kg^-1,且Cd、Pb、Zn元素之间显著相关,而研究区附近湘江水体和沉积物中这些元素含量没有增高,说明这些重金属不是来自湘江,而是可能主要来自冶炼厂;铅同位素显示,冶炼厂附近A层土壤²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb值（1.150~1.164）低于周边区域A层土壤（1.164~1.169）,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb值（2.108~2.122）高于周边地区（2.106~2.119）,说明受到人为污染的影响.从污染区分布空间位置和铅同位素源解析的结果看,农田区土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn等重金属的主要污染源是冶炼厂的冶炼烟气粉尘及与农耕活动有关的其他人为污染.     

环境水污染事件应急监测演练评估模型构建研究

以环境水污染事件为背景,基于层次分析-线性加权法的构建环境水污染事件应急监测演练评估模型。利用层次分析法建立应急演练评估指标体系,构建各因素的判断矩阵,判断矩阵的特征向量作为评估指标的权重,由多位专家评估的权重值计算平均权重,然后利用线性加权法构建应急演练的综合评估模型。通过某江河的水污染事件应急演练实例,对评估模型进行了验证。     

基于资源环境承载力的海岛生态系统适应性管理——以温州市洞头区为例

海岛资源环境承载力评估能够识别生态系统的胁迫因子,明确海岛资源保护与开发的阈值界限,对于管控海岛及其邻近海域生态系统的生态环境具有重要意义。本文选择用海矛盾日益突出的海岛县洞头作为研究区,基于承载力的PSR概念模型,运用GIS空间分析、多指标评价等技术方法,从人-海复合生态系统的角度构建了海岛资源环境承载力的综合评价体系,对区域海岛生态系统的恢复力、资源环境容纳能力和抗干扰能力进行了量化,获得了洞头区压力、承压和响应调节系统的空间分异格局,据此探讨了洞头区在海陆边界、自然条件、社会经济发展等方面的不确定性,进而提出了海岛生态适应性管理的策略和措施。结果表明,洞头区资源环境承载力综合评价指数介于0.5~1.7之间,总体承载状况较好,现阶段仅有12%的海域处于超载状态,未来需从缓解人类社会经济活动压力、保持资源环境承压能力和提高系统反馈调节能力三个方面出发,开展适应性管控。     

基于系统投入产出和生态网络分析的能源-水耦合关系与协同管理研究——以湖北省为例

能源和水资源之间存在紧密的耦合关系。以往的资源管理政策往往只关注单一资源,忽略了两者的关联性。为促进能源和水资源综合管理,有必要开展能源-水耦合关系和协同管理研究。从社会经济网络视角出发,论文综合运用系统投入产出和生态网络分析方法,构建了湖北省2007和2012年能源-水耦合网络核算框架。结果表明：1）2012年湖北体现能源最终消费量为14 304.93万tce,体现水资源最终消费量为346.66亿m³,相比2007年分别增长52.26%和7.89%,其中,体现在最终使用中能源与水资源流有近50%来自制造业;2）2007年湖北省水资源网络和能源网络的循环率都约为2.71%,与2007年相比,2012年水资源网络循环率显著增长至4.23%~4.40%,而能源网络循环率则变化较小;3）能源网络和水资源网络的系统鲁棒性都偏向于冗余度更高、效率更低的一侧;4）由于能源-水耦合网络的引入,2007—2012年间,在能源和水资源网络中,电力、热力生产和供应部门对于大多数部门的控制都呈现不同程度的增强趋势。研究辨识了能源与水资源协同管理的关键部门和路径,为湖北省能源和水资源可持续利用提供了理论与数据支撑。     

Relating Cd2 + binding by humic acids to molecular weight: A modeling and spectroscopic study

Molecular weight(Mw) is a fundamental property of humic acids(HAs), which considerably affect the mobility and speciation of heavy metals in the environment. In this study, soil humic acid(HA) extracted from Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing was ultra-filtered into four fractions according to the molecular weight, and their properties were characterized.Complexation of cadmium was investigated by titration experiments. For the first time,Langmuir and non-ideal competitive adsorption-Donna(NICA-Donnan) models combined with fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEM) quenching were employed to elucidate the binding characteristics of individual Mw fractions of HA. The results showed that the concentration of acidic functional groups decreased with increasing Mw, especially the phenolic groups. The humification degree and aliphaticity increased with increasing Mw as indicated by elemental composition analysis and FT-IR spectra. The binding capacity of Cd~(2+) to Mw fractions of HA followed the order UF1( 5 kDa) UF2(5–10 kDa) UF4( 30 kDa) UF3(10–30 kDa). Moreover, the distribution of cadmium speciation indicated that the phenolic groups were responsible for the variations in binding of Cd~(2+) among different Mw fractions. The results of fluorescence quenching illustrated that the binding capacity of Cd~(2+) to Mw fractions was controlled by the content of functional groups, while the binding affinity was largely influenced by structural factors. The results provide a better understanding of the roles that different HA Mw fractions play in heavy metal binding,which has important implications in the control of heavy metal migration and bio-toxicity.     

Spectroscopic study on transformations of dissolved organic matter in coal-to-liquids wastewater under integrated chemical oxidation and biological treatment process

A large amount of wastewater containing various toxic organic contaminants is produced during coal-to-liquids process. In this study, several spectroscopic methods were used to monitor the transformation of organic pollutants during an integrated chemical oxidation and biological process. The results showed that the hydrophobic acid fraction increased after Fenton oxidation, which was likely due to the production of small-molecule organic acids. Soluble microbial products were generated during biological treatment processes,which were degraded after ozonation; meanwhile, the hydrophilic base and acid components increased. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic analysis indicated that peaks at the absorption wavelengths of 280 and 254 nm, which are associated with aromatic substances, were detected in the raw water. The aromatic substances were gradually removed, becoming undetectable after biological aeration filter(BAF) treatment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that the functional groups of phenols;benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene(BTEX); aromatic hydrocarbons; aliphatic acids;aldehydes; and esters were present in raw wastewater. The organic substances were oxidized into small molecules after Fenton treatment. Aromatic hydrocarbons were effectively removed through bioadsorption and biodegradation after BAF process.Biodegradable organic matter was reduced and finally became undetectable after anoxic–oxic treatment in combination with a membrane bioreactor. Four fluorescent components were fractionated and obtained via excitation–emission matrix parallel factor analysis(EEM-PARAFAC). Dissolved organic matter fractionation in conjunction with EEM-PARAFAC was able to monitor more precisely the evolution of characteristic organic contaminants.     

重庆市渝中区臭氧时空变化规律因素分析研究

臭氧是城市光化学烟雾的主要成分,同时也是重要的温室气体,因此臭氧污染已经成为城市空气质量的重要因素.对重庆市渝中区2015年3个空气质量自动监测点臭氧浓度进行比较,并分析了臭氧与环境、日照、气温、挥发性有机物、NO2、PM10、PM2.5的相关性.结果表明:臭氧浓度与监测点周围环境有关;臭氧浓度呈典型的季节变化趋势,与日照、气温呈明显的正相关;臭氧浓度小时值变化出现明显的日变化规律;臭氧浓度与挥发性有机物呈正相关,与NO2、PM10、PM2.5有较好的负相关性.