区域大气环境质量管理的合作机制与政策讨论

区域环境管理与合作有助于从区域的角度出发解决由于跨界污染引发的利益冲突和纠纷;同时由于有效的区域管理和合作有可能基于区域间污染治理成本的差异,制定最小成本的污染防治战略,可以因此推动整个区域的协调发展。2010年以来,中国大气污染防治已经开始向区域管理转化,并开始步入跨地区合作的新阶段。但这种转型,尚缺乏有效的制度安排和政策手段的支撑。已有的区域环境管理合作实践所存在的诸多不足和障碍主要源于缺乏不同主体进行有效合作的激励机制,一方面由于各地区所处的经济发展阶段、地方环境保护意识等方面存在差异,往往很难促成真正的整合管理与合作;另一方面体现在相应的责任-利益协调机制缺失,致使跨地区合作难以常规化和长效化。因此,构建合理的区域大气环境管理与合作机制至关重要。本文分析和讨论了区域环境管理与合作中的关键问题,并在此基础上提出构建区域环境管理与合作机制的几点思考。     

利用Cu-Fe复合金属氧化物净化水中的磷

研究了利用Cu-Fe复合金属氧化物净化水中磷的过程。实验结果表明,在吸附剂的制备过程中,加入Cu可以显著提高吸附剂对水中磷的净化效率,Cu的适宜加入量为Cu/Fe摩尔比1∶2。在磷净化过程中,p H值对Cu-Fe复合金属氧化物的净化效率有显著影响,较低的p H值有利于磷的净化;水中磷的净化率随吸附剂用量的增加而增加,适宜的投加量为0.2 g/100 m L;吸附剂对水中磷的净化速度较快,磷的吸附率在5 min内达到87.08%,吸附2 h达到平衡,磷的净化率为98.85%;Cu-Fe复合金属氧化物净化水中磷的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,磷的最大吸附量为11.36 mg/g。     

北京市污水处理厂出水中雌二醇的概率生态风险评价

随着北京市再生水补给河湖规模扩大,污水处理厂出水中雌激素活性物质引起的受纳水体生态风险日益受到关注。以雌二醇为例,利用物种敏感度分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)模型和联合概率曲线(joint probability curve,JPC)方法开展北京市污水处理厂出水的概率生态风险评价研究。通过文献调研整理了北京市约430个物种,利用美国环境保护署ECOTOX数据库获取了其中7个物种的雌二醇毒性数据,构建了正态分布、对数正态分布、Logistic分布、对数Logistic分布、Weibull分布、Burr III型分布和Gumbel分布等7个SSD模型,评价了北京市污水处理厂二沉池出水以及"混凝-沉淀-过滤-臭氧"、"超滤-臭氧"和"超滤-活性炭-臭氧"3种深度处理工艺组合出水的生态风险。结果表明,利用北京市7个物种雌二醇毒性数据构建的SSD模型具有合理性,SSD模型选择对生态风险评价结果的影响较大,对数正态分布、对数Logistic分布、Weibull分布和Burr III型均是可接受的SSD模型,其中拟合效果最佳的Burr III型分布模型给出了最保守的风险估计。Burr III型分布模型的模拟结果显示,北京市污水处理厂二沉池出水以及3种深度处理工艺组合出水的总体风险期望值分别为0.070、0.040、0.036和0.026,该结果可以为北京市未来水生态保护目标的设定以及污水处理工艺的升级改造提供决策参考。     

食物源nC_(60)损害斑马鱼脑、鳃、肾和肝胰腺正常机能

水体中稳定存在的富勒烯纳米晶体(nC_(60))可被浮游动物滤食,并通过食物链传递到更高营养级生物。为探究食物源nC_(60)的生物效应,本试验选取携带nC_(60)的大型溞喂养斑马鱼21 d,考察了食物源nC_(60)对斑马鱼脑、鳃、肾和肝胰腺4个器官中ROS、Na~+K~+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性等指标,用以评价食物源nC_(60)对斑马鱼的机能影响。暴露于食物源nC_(60)下的结果表明:斑马鱼脑ROS随时间增加而增加,暴露21 d后增加了79.17%。鳃、肾Na~+K~+-ATPase活性随暴露时间增加而降低,暴露21 d后分别降低了47.09%和51.07%;鳃、肾Ca2+-ATPase活性随暴露时间增加而减少,暴露21 d后分别降低了28.28%和35.13%。鳃、肾、肝胰腺AKP活性随时间增加而增加,暴露21 d后分别增加45.97%、26.68%和83.01%;鳃、肾、肝胰腺ACP活性随时间增加而增加,暴露21 d后分别增加38.85%、84.12%和55.77%。肝胰腺GPT和GOT活性随时间增加而降低,暴露21 d后各降低了50.05%和76.50%。本研究不但阐述了食物源nC_(60)降低高一级水生动物(斑马鱼)脑、鳃、肾和肝胰腺的正常机能,而且为进一步研究食物源nC_(60)对水生生物的生态毒理提供了部分基础数据。     

陕西秦岭南麓316国道沿线地质灾害防治对策研究

穿越于秦岭南麓汉台区北部中低山区的316国道沿线地质环境条件复杂,地质灾害类型多样。每年汛期地质灾害频发,数百至数万方的危岩体常将路面掩埋,少则堵塞交通数小时,多则数天,过往车辆及行人的财产受到严重威胁。由于316国道为我国南北运输的重要通道,社会影响较大。为此,该文在汉台区1:50 000地质灾害详细调查项目的基础上,将316国道作为重点地段进行专题研究,分析316国道沿线地质灾害的类型、发育特征、成因,并提出了相应的防治对策。调查分析认为316国道沿线地质灾害类型主要为崩塌、滑坡和泥石流;孕育地质灾害发育的不稳定边坡坡型、坡向、坡高、宽度和厚度等决定地质灾害的发育特征;降雨和人类工程活动是地质灾害的主要诱发因素。最后,提出了以监测预警和卸荷减载、铺设柔性防护网、设置抗滑桩等为主的防治对策,为汉中市国土资源局汉台分局等相关部门地质灾害的防范提供决策与依据,也为公路沿线地质灾害的防治提供技术支撑。     

吉林省“十三五”期间污染物减排对策及建议

通过分析吉林省"十二五"期间总量减排取得的成效及存在的问题,提出吉林省"十三五"污染物总量控制政策及对策措施。此项研究是吉林省"十三五"规划前期研究的重要内容,对于吉林省今后的环境管理和总量控制规划的工作思路、发展方向的调整和转变,提高总量控制规划的可操作水平,促进新时期全省环境保护工作的开展方面都有借鉴意义。     

Phosphorus speciation and effects of environmental factors on release of phosphorus from sediments obtained from Taihu Lake,Tien Lake,and East Lake

Phosphorus is considered the primary nutrient limiting eutrophication. The release of phosphorus from sediments not only provides hydrophytes with essential nutrients, but can also produce entrophication in lakes. In this study, the sediment characteristics, phosphorus speciation, and environmental factors affecting phosphorus release from sediments from Taihu Lake, Tien Lake, and East Lake were investigated. The results indicated that phosphorus levels of sediments ranged from 647 ± 67 to 2343 ± 122 mg/kg. Inorganic phosphorus comprised the majority of total phosphorus. The main phosphorus speciation of sediments obtained from Taihu Lake and Tien Lake was Residual-P, and the main phosphorus speciation of sediment obtained from East Lake was NaOH-P. Phosphorus release occurred in acidic and alkaline conditions but more frequently under alkaline conditions. The amount of phosphorus released from the sediments increased as the disturbing intensity rose. In addition, less phosphorus was released in natural than anaerobic conditions. The amount of phosphorus released was elevated as temperature increased.     

Antimony leaching release from brake pads: Effect of pH,temperature and organic acids

Metals from automotive brake pads pollute water, soils and the ambient air. The environmental effect on water of antimony(Sb) contained in brake pads has been largely untested. The content of Sb in one abandoned brake pad reached up to 1.62 × 104mg/kg.Effects of initial p H, temperature and four organic acids(acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and humic acid) on Sb release from brake pads were studied using batch reactors.Approximately 30%(97 mg/L) of the total Sb contained in the brake pads was released in alkaline aqueous solution and at higher temperature after 30 days of leaching. The organic acids tested restrained Sb release, especially acetic acid and oxalic acid. The p H-dependent concentration change of Sb in aqueous solution was best fitted by a logarithmic function. In addition, Sb contained in topsoil from land where brake pads were discarded(average9 × 103mg/kg) was 3000 times that in uncontaminated soils(2.7 ± 1 mg/kg) in the same areas. Because potentially high amounts of Sb may be released from brake pads, it is important that producers and environmental authorities take precautions.? 2015 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Vehicular volatile organic compounds losses due to refueling and diurnal process in China: 2010–2050

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to control air pollution in major Chinese cities since VOCs are the dominant factor influencing ambient ozone level, and also an important precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Vehicular evaporative emissions have become a major and growing source of VOC emissions in China. This study consists of lab tests, technology evaluation, emissions modeling, policy projections and cost-benefit analysis to draw a roadmap for China for controlling vehicular evaporative emissions. The analysis suggests that evaporative VOC emissions from China's light-duty gasoline vehicles were approximately 185,000 ton in 2010 and would peak at 1,200,000 ton in 2040 without control. The current control strategy implemented in China, as shown in business as usual (BAU) scenario, will barely reduce the long-term growth in emissions. Even if Stage II gasoline station vapor control policies were extended national wide (BAU + extended Stage II), there would still be over 400,000 ton fuel loss in 2050. In contrast, the implementation of on-board refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) on new cars could reduce 97.5% of evaporative VOCs by 2050 (BAU + ORVR/BAU + delayed ORVR). According to the results, a combined Stage II and ORVR program is a comprehensive solution that provides both short-term and long-term benefits. The net cost to achieve the optimal total evaporative VOC control is approximately 62 billion CNY in 2025 and 149 billion CNY in 2050.     

Assessment of potential soybean cadmium excluder cultivars at different concentrations of Cd in soils

The selection of cadmium-excluding cultivars has been used to minimize the transfer of cadmium into the human food chain. In this experiment, five Chinese soybean plants were grown in three soils with different concentrations of Cd (0.15, 0.75 and 1.12 mg/kg). Variations in uptake, enrichment, and translocation of Cd among these soybean cultivars were studied. The results indicated that the concentration of Cd in seeds that grew at 1.12 mg/kg Cd in soils exceeded the permitted maximum levels in soybeans. Therefore, our results indicated that even some soybean cultivars grown on soils with permitted levels of Cd might accumulate higher concentrations of Cd in seeds that are hazardous to human health. The seeds of these five cultivars were further assessed for interactions between Cd and other mineral nutrient elements such as Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn. High Cd concentration in soil was found to inhibit the uptake of Mn. Furthermore, Fe and Zn accumulations were found to be enhanced in the seeds of all of the five soybean cultivars in response to high Cd concentration. Cultivar Tiefeng 31 was found to fit the criteria for a Cd-excluding cultivar under different concentrations of Cd in soils.