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61.
A new-generation safety campaign has been taking place in southern Finland since 1997. The Finnish Construction Employer’s Association together with trade unions, safety inspectorates, and other institutions have been organising a safety contest based on the standardised TR-observation method. Safety inspectors conduct evaluation visits without previous notice to the sites, and best performing companies and sites are rewarded at annually held public seminars. Even though participation is voluntary, more than 70% of the total number of construction sites in the target area have participated in the contest, and the results have been successful. Deficiencies in protection against falling have decreased by 63%, in order and tidiness by 69%, and in working habits by 51%. The effectiveness is also evident in the accident figures. An estimated 4000 accidents and three fatalities are prevented each year, while other parts of the country during the same period show no improvement in accident risk. A key success factor may be the adoption among firms of a new, standardised safety monitoring method which has been used effectively by senior management teams. The method employs a combination of penalties and incentives in order to set and enforce new safety targets. Another success factor is the close co-operation between the construction industry, labour organisations and safety authorities. 相似文献
62.
Anton Chernenko Marta Vidal-Garcia Heikki Helanterä Liselotte Sundström 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(5):727-735
Parasites reduce host fitness, and so instigate counter adaptations by their hosts. In temporary social parasitism, usurpers must not only enter the colony unharmed, but also have their eggs reared by the host workers. We introduced parasitic Formica lugubris and Formica aquilonia queens into queen right and orphaned fragments of three host species, Formica cinerea, Formica picea and Formica fusca, and show that workers of all three host species kill over 40 % of the introduced queens within 10 days, regardless of the presence/absence of a resident queen, and parasite species. More parasite queens died in F. cinerea than in F. picea and F. fusca. There were no major differences in survival between the parasite species (except that F. lugubris survived longer than F. aquilonia in F. fusca colonies compared to F. picea colonies), but parasite queens survived longer in orphaned than in queen right fragments of F. fusca. Experimental introduction of parasite (F. aquilonia) eggs into orphaned colonies of F. fusca showed that none of the parasite eggs were reared until pupation; whereas on average, 12 % of the con-specific hetero-colonial eggs introduced in the same manner were reared until pupation. In all colonies that received parasite brood, all offspring consisted of worker-laid males, whereas the corresponding value was 50 % for colonies that received con-specific hetero-colonial brood. Thus, when the risks of entering host colonies and brood failure are combined, the rate of successful colony take-over is very low. Moreover, the host workers can to some extent alleviate the costs of parasitism by producing a final batch of own offspring. 相似文献
63.
Ehrich Dorothée Schmidt Niels M. Gauthier Gilles Alisauskas Ray Angerbjörn Anders Clark Karin Ecke Frauke Eide Nina E. Framstad Erik Frandsen Jay Franke Alastair Gilg Olivier Giroux Marie-Andrée Henttonen Heikki Hörnfeldt Birger Ims Rolf A. Kataev Gennadiy D. Kharitonov Sergey P. Killengreen Siw T. Krebs Charles J. Lanctot Richard B. Lecomte Nicolas Menyushina Irina E. Morris Douglas W. Morrisson Guy Oksanen Lauri Oksanen Tarja Olofsson Johan Pokrovsky Ivan G. Popov Igor Yu. Reid Donald Roth James D. Saalfeld Sarah T. Samelius Gustaf Sittler Benoit Sleptsov Sergey M. Smith Paul A. Sokolov Aleksandr A. Sokolova Natalya A. Soloviev Mikhail Y. Solovyeva Diana V. 《Ambio》2020,49(3):801-804
Ambio - In the original published article, some of the symbols in figure 1A were modified incorrectly during the typesetting and publication process. The correct version of the figure is provided... 相似文献
64.
Teemu Karlsson Marja Liisa Räisänen Marja Lehtonen Lena Alakangas 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2018,190(12):719
Acid rock drainage (ARD) is a major problem related to the management of mining wastes, especially concerning deposits containing sulphide minerals. Commonly used tests for ARD prediction include acid–base accounting (ABA) tests and the net acid generation (NAG) test. Since drainage quality largely depends on the ratio and quality of acid-producing and neutralising minerals, mineralogical calculations could also be used for ARD prediction. In this study, several Finnish waste rock sites were investigated and the performance of different static ARD test methods was evaluated and compared. At the target mine sites, pyrrhotite was the main mineral contributing to acid production (AP). Silicate minerals were the main contributors to the neutralisation potential (NP) at 60% of the investigated mine sites. Since silicate minerals appear to have a significant role in ARD generation at Finnish mine waste sites, the behaviour of these minerals should be more thoroughly investigated, especially in relation to the acid produced by pyrrhotite oxidation. In general, the NP of silicate minerals appears to be underestimated by laboratory measurements. For example, in the NAG test, the slower-reacting NP-contributing minerals might require a longer time to react than is specified in the currently used method. The results suggest that ARD prediction based on SEM mineralogical calculations is at least as accurate as the commonly used static laboratory methods. 相似文献
65.
K. K. Lehtonen 《Marine Biology》1995,123(3):555-564
The physiological condition, determined as the ammonia excretion rate (V NH
4
+
), total lipid level and lipid class composition, of two deposit-feeding benthic amphipods, Monoporeia (=Pontoporeia) affinis and Pontoporeia femorata, was studied from 12 opensea stations in the northern Baltic Sea between 24 May and 11 June 1993. The M. affinis populations can be geographically grouped according to their physiological condition: (1) eastern Gulf of Finland, with moderate lipid level (mean 24.4% of dry wt) and high V NH
4
+
(45.2 mol NH
4
+
g-1 dry wt d-1); (2) Bothnian Sea, wigh high lipid level (34.5%) and low V NH
4
+
(24.6 mol NH
4
+
g-1 dry wt d-1); and (3) Bothnian Bay, with low lipid level (15.2%) and high V NH
4
+
(44.3 mol NH
4
+
dry wt d-1). A similar pattern could be observed also in the level of triacylglycerols and the neutral-to-polar lipid ratio. P. femorata, the dominating species in the western Gulf of Finland, showed variable station-specific excretion rates (22.3 to 43.0 mol NH
4
+
g-1 dry wt d-1) and lipid levels (23.4 to 30.4%). The spatial variability in the weight-specific V NH
4
+
of M. affinis could not be explained by the differences in the size of individuals, lipid level or lipid class composition; this emphasizes the significance of the effects of spatially differing nutritional conditions, which manifest themselves as different modes of metabolic energy production and different intensities of energy storage. In addition, the potential contribution of the amphipod populations to benthic nitrogen mineralization was estimated; in May to June, the NH
4
+
release of different populations ranged from 12 to 237 mol NH
4
+
m-2d-1. In general, populations with high abundance and/or biomass release the greatest amounts of NH
4
+
, but the values are modified by the physiological condition of the individuals. 相似文献
66.
67.
Taru Peltola Maria Åkerman Jarkko Bamberg Pauliina Lehtonen Outi Ratamäki 《Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning》2018,20(2):157-169
Drawing on the wide social scientific literature on emotions and affects, we highlight the value and potential contribution of the affect theory for understanding public engagement in environmental policy and planning. We suggest that such theorization complements political ontologies that envision concerned publics to arise as citizens are attached to objects and other beings in their everyday life. Focus on emotions and affects enables in-depth exploration of the corporeality of these attachments, increasing understanding about how affected publics get driven for action and how new sensibilities and horizons for action are created. Based on the discussion of affect theory and case examples, we argue that emotions and affects should be treated as crucial carriers of knowledge about transformation of political subjects and their concerns. They also direct analytic gaze beyond public participation procedures and encourage the development of novel, more inclusive settings for public engagement. 相似文献
68.
Karoliina Pilli-Sihvola Bob van Oort Inger Hanssen-Bauer Markku Ollikainen Markku Rummukainen Heikki Tuomenvirta 《Local Environment》2015,20(4):510-524
This paper assesses the communication and the use of climate scenarios at the science–science and science–policy interface in Finland, Sweden and Norway. It is based on document analysis and stakeholder questionnaires. The questionnaires targeted three stakeholder groups, all engaged in the communication and the use of climate scenario information: climate scenario producers; impact, adaptation and vulnerability (IAV) experts; and policy-makers. The respondents were asked to identify issues associated with the communication of scenarios and other needs pertaining to the usefulness and availability of such information. Despite the relatively long history of climate change adaptation in the three countries, climate scenarios are not utilised to their full potential. Climate scenarios have been used in awareness raising, problem understanding and strategy development. However, far less examples can be found on adaptation actions, particularly on harnessing the benefits of climate change. The communication between climate scenario producers and IAV experts functions well; however, communication between climate researchers and policy-makers is less efficient. Each country has developed boundary services to enhance dissemination of the climate scenario information to policy-makers. They are cost-efficient but do not necessarily enhance the comprehension of the information and encourage the actual dialogue between scenario producers and the end-users. Further translation of scenario information to impact and vulnerability estimates together with established boundary work could improve the use of climate research information. As adaptation policy in these countries further progresses towards implementation, there are increasing expectations of support from research, further challenging the communication of climate scenarios. 相似文献
69.
Miia Vilve Sari Vilhunen Mikko Vepsäläinen Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan Niina Lehtonen Hannu Isomäki Mika Sillanpää 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(4):875-884
Background, aim, and scope
Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs), widely used in industry as solvents and chemical intermediates in the production of synthetic resins, plastics, and pharmaceuticals, are highly toxic to the environment and public health. Various studies reported that Fenton’s oxidation could degrade a variety of chlorinated VOCs in aqueous solutions. In acidic conditions, ferrous ion catalyzes the decomposition of H2O2 to form a powerful •OH radical. In this study, wastewater from wash of ion-exchange resin containing typical CVOC, 1,2-dichloroethane, was treated using Fenton’s oxidation. To reduce environmental load and processing costs of wastewater, Fenton process as a simple and efficient treatment method was applied to degrade 1,2-dichloroethane of wash water. 相似文献70.
Sari Vilhunen Heikki Särkkä Mika Sillanpää 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(4):439-442
Background, aim, and scope The novel system of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV LEDs) was studied in water disinfection. Conventional UV lamps,
like mercury vapor lamp, consume much energy and are considered to be problem waste after use. UV LEDs are energy efficient
and free of toxicants. This study showed the suitability of LEDs in disinfection and provided information of the effect of
two emitted wavelengths and different test mediums to Escherichia coli destruction.
Materials and methods Common laboratory strain of E. coli (K12) was used and the effects of two emitted wavelengths (269 and 276 nm) were investigated with two photolytic batch reactors
both including ten LEDs. The effects of test medium were examined with ultrapure water, nutrient and water, and nutrient and
water with humic acids.
Results Efficiency of reactors was almost the same even though the one emitting higher wavelength had doubled optical power compared
to the other. Therefore, the effect of wavelength was evident and the radiation emitted at 269 nm was more powerful. Also,
the impact of background was studied and noticed to have only slight deteriorating effect. In the 5-min experiment, the bacterial
reduction of three to four log colony-forming units (CFU) per cubic centimeter was achieved, in all cases.
Discussion When turbidity of the test medium was greater, part of the UV radiation was spent on the absorption and reactions with extra
substances on liquid. Humic acids can also coat the bacteria reducing the sensitivity of the cells to UV light. The lower
wavelength was distinctly more efficient when the optical power is considered, even though the difference of wavelengths was
small. The reason presumably is the greater absorption of DNA causing more efficient bacterial breakage.
Conclusions UV LEDs were efficient in E. coli destruction, even if LEDs were considered to have rather low optical power. The effect of wavelengths was noticeable but
the test medium did not have much impact.
Recommendations and perspectives This study found UV LEDs to be an optimal method for bacterial disinfection. The emitted wavelength was found to be an essential
factor when using LEDs; thus, care should be taken in selecting the proper LED for maximum disinfection. 相似文献