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121.
Coupled bio-physical models of larval dispersal predict that the Costa Rica–Panama (CR–PAN) reefs should constitute a demographically
isolated region in the western Caribbean. We tested the hypothesis that CR–PAN coral reef fish populations would be isolated
from Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS) populations. To test that, we assessed population genetic structure in bicolor
damselfish (Stegastes partitus) from both regions. Adult fish were genotyped from five reefs in CR–PAN and from four reefs along the MBRS at 12 microsatellite
loci. Between-region F
ST (F
ST = 0.0030, P < 0.005) and exact test (x
2 = 74.34, df = 18, P < 0.0001) results indicated that there is weak but significant genetic differentiation between regions, suggesting some restriction
in connectivity along the Central American coastline, as predicted by bio-oceanographic models. Additionally, there is among-site
genetic structure in the CR–PAN region, relative to the MBRS and between regions, suggesting higher self-recruitment within
CR–PAN. This finding may be explained by differences in habitat characteristics. 相似文献
122.
Furcellaria lumbricalis is a red algae occurring in low salinity to fully marine conditions. Here, both putatively neutral and EST-derived microsatellite
markers were developed and used to examine the genetic structure of northern European populations inhabiting different salinity
conditions ranging from 35 to 3.6 psu. The amount of genetic variation did not differ between ocean and brackish populations,
but differences were observed between marker types; EST-derived markers possessed less variation and showed greater differentiation
than the putatively neutral microsatellites. No multicopy multilocus genotypes were detected despite expected asexuality in
brackish populations. The Bayesian STRUCTURE analysis, when conducted for expressed marker data, indicated the presence of
two main clusters, the Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea, while no clear structuring was observed based on putatively neutral
microsatellites. The moderate level of genetic differentiation at neutral loci is probably due to genetic drift, a feasible
explanation considering long distances between many populations, while the high level of differentiation in EST-linked markers
reflects selection pressures. 相似文献
123.
The present study explores the dynamics of conflict management as a team phenomenon. The study examines how the input variable of task structure (task interdependence) is related to team conflict management style (cooperative versus competitive) and to team performance, and how team identity moderates these relationships. Seventy‐seven intact work teams from high‐technology companies participated in the study. Results revealed that at high levels of team identity, task interdependence was positively associated with the cooperative style of conflict management, which in turn fostered team performance. Although a negative association was found between competitive style and team performance, this style of team conflict management did not mediate between the interactive effect of task interdependence and team identity on team performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
124.
Differences in Long-term Medical Consequences Depending on Impact Direction Involving Passenger Cars
Helena Stigson Markus Gustafsson Cecilia Sunnevång Maria Krafft Anders Kullgren 《Traffic injury prevention》2015,16(4):S133-S139
Objective: There is limited knowledge of the long-term medical consequences for occupants injured in car crashes in various impact directions. Thus, the objective was to evaluate whether injuries leading to permanent medical impairment differ depending on impact direction.Methods: In total, 36,743 injured occupants in car crashes that occurred between 1995 and 2011 were included. All initial injuries (n = 61,440) were classified according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005. Injured car occupants were followed for at least 3 years to assess permanent medical impairment. The data were divided into different groups according to impact direction and levels of permanent impairment. The risk of permanent medical impairment was established for different body regions and injury severity levels, according to AIS.Results: It was found that almost 12% of all car occupants sustained a permanent medical impairment. Given an injury, car occupants involved in rollover crashes had the highest overall risk to sustain a permanent medical impairment. Half of the head injuries leading to long-term consequences occurred in frontal impacts. Far-side occupants had almost the same risk as near-side occupants. Occupants who sustained a permanent medical impairment from cervical spine injuries had similar risk in all impact directions (13%) except from rollover (17%). However, these injuries occurred more often in rear crashes. Most of the injuries leading to long-term consequences were classified as minor injuries by AIS for all impact directions.Conclusions: Studying crash data from a perspective of medical impairment is important to identify injuries that might not be prioritized only considering the AIS but might lead to lower quality of life for the occupant and also costs for society. These results can be used for road transport system strategies and for making priority decisions in vehicle design. 相似文献
125.
Monica Ferreira Costa Scheyla C. T. Barbosa Mário Barletta David V. Dantas Helena A. Kehrig Tércia G. Seixas Olaf Malm 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(4):423-430
Background, aim, and scope At tropical latitudes, and especially on the semi-arid coasts of the Brazilian Northeast, the rainfall regime governs the
water quality of estuaries due to the pronounced difference between the rainy and dry seasons. These changes may be responsible
for seasonal changes in bioavailability of mercury (Hg) and other pollutants to the estuarine and coastal biota. Mercury bioaccumulates
along estuarine–marine food chains usually result in higher concentrations in tissues of top predators and posing a risk to
both marine mammals and humans alike. The Goiana River Estuary (7.5° S) is a typical estuary of the semi-arid tropical regions
and supports traditional communities with fisheries (mollusks, fish, and crustacean). It is also responsible for an important
part of the biological production of the adjacent coastal waters.
Materials and methods
Trichiurus lepturus (Actinopterygii: Perciformes) is a pscivorous marine straggler. Fish from this species (n = 104) were captured in a trapping barrier used by the local traditional population and using an otter trawl net along the
main channel of the low estuary during two dry seasons (D1 = November, December 2005, January 2006; D2 = November, December
2006, January 2007) and the end of a rainy season (R = August, September, October 2006). Fish muscle samples were preserved
cold and then freeze-dried prior to analysis of its total mercury (Hg-T) contents. Total mercury was determined by cold vapor
atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) with sodium borohydride as a reducing agent.
Results The studied individuals (n = 104) were sub-adult (30–70 cm, 71 ind.) and adult fish (>70 cm, 33 ind.). Weight (W) (204.1 ± 97.9 g, total biomass = 21,229.7 g)
and total length (TL) (63.1 ± 10.1 cm, range 29.5–89.0 cm) presented a significant (p < 0.05) correlation. Two-way ANOVA (n = 81) showed that TL and W had significant differences (p < 0.05) among seasons, being higher in D1 than in D2 and R, respectively. Moreover, season vs. month interaction were detected
for the variables length and weight. For the variable weight was detected significant difference for the factor month (p < 0.05). It suggests that the fish enter the estuary at the end of the rainy season and increase in length and weight during
the time they spend in the estuary. Fish from this estuary are shown to be fit for human consumption (125.3 ± 61.9 μgHg-T
kg–1 w.wt.; n = 104). Fish mercury contents increased with size and weight. Correlations between TL and Hg-T (r = 0.37286) and between W and Hg-T (r = 0.38212) were significant (p < 0.05). Dryer months showed higher mercury concentrations in fish (D1 773.4 ± 207.5 μgHg-T kg–1 d.wt., n = 27; D2 370.1 ± 78.8 μgHg-T kg–1 d.wt., n = 27; R 331.2 ± 138.5 μgHg-T kg–1 d.wt., n = 27). The variable mercury concentration showed differences in relation to the factor season (p < 0.05), where fish captured during the first dry season showed the highest concentration of mercury. The correlation between
Hg-T and rainfall (Rf) showed a negative correlation (r = –0.56; p < 0.05).
Discussion The main likely source of mercury to this estuary is diffuse continental run off, including urban and industrial effluents.
Since concentration of mercury in fish tissue is negatively correlated to rainfall, but positively correlated with fish length
and weight, it suggests that fish growth in this estuary results in mercury uptake and concentration on the fish tissue. In
the dry season of 2005–2006, when rainfall remained below the historic average, fish bioaccumulated significantly more mercury
than in the dry season 2006–2007, when rainfall was within the predictable historic average. It is suggested that less rainfall,
and consequently less particulate matter and less primary production in the estuary, make mercury more available to the higher
levels of the estuarine food chain. In the case of higher rainfall, when river flow increases and water quality in the estuary
is reduced, mercury probably is quickly exported associated to the particulate matter to the adjacent coastal waters where
it then disperses. This species is a potential routine bioindicator for mercury contamination of the biota, but so far was
used only with a limited number of individuals and contexts.
Conclusions Fish from the Goiana River estuary can still be safely consumed by the local population. However, any further contamination
of this resource might lead to total mercury levels above the recommended limits for pregnant women and small children. The
proposed heavy dependency of total mercury levels in fish on water quality indicates that land use and water quality standards
must be more closely watched in order to guarantee that best possible practices are in place to prevent bioaccumulation of
mercury and its transfer along the food chain. Human interventions and climatic events which affect river water flow are also
playing a role in the mercury cycle at tropical semi-arid estuaries.
Recommendations and perspectives
T. lepturus is largely consumed by coastal populations of tropical and sub-tropical countries all over the world. It is also consumed
by a number of marine mammals over which we have a strong conservation interest. This species is also a link among different
ecosystems along the estuarine ecocline. Therefore, knowledge of its degree of contamination might contribute to public health
issues as well as marine conservation actions. Studies on mercury and other contaminants using this species as bioindicator
(cosmopolitan, readily available) could help elucidating mechanisms through which pollutants are being transferred not only
through the food chain, but also from estuarine–coastal–open waters. In addition, using the same species in marine pollution
studies, especially as part of a mosaic of species, allows for wide range comparisons of marine food chain contamination. 相似文献
126.
127.
Hession H Byrne M Cleary S Andersson KG Roed J 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2006,85(2-3):196-204
The residence time of particulate contamination on the human body is a factor that has an important impact on the accuracy of exposure assessment in the aftermath of an accidental release of radionuclides to the atmosphere. Measurements of particle clearance from human skin were made using an illumination system to excite fluorescence in labelled silica particles and a CCD camera and image processing system to detect this fluorescence. The illumination system consists of high-intensity light emitting diodes (LEDS) of suitable wavelengths arranged on a portable stand. The physically small size of the LEDs allows them to be positioned close to the fluorescing surface, thus maximising the fluorescent signal that can be obtained. The limit of detection was found to be 50 microg of tracer particle per cm2. Experiments were carried out to determine the clearance rates of 10 microm and 3 microm particles from the skin. Results show that, in the absence of any mechanical rubbing of the skin, the clearance of particles from the skin followed an approximately exponential decay with a half-time of 1.5-7.8 h. Skin hairiness and degree of human movement were found, in addition to particle size, to have an important influence on particle fall-off rate. 相似文献
128.
Kitamura Rafael Shinji Akiyama Brito Júlio César Moreira Silva de Assis Helena Cristina Gomes Marcelo Pedrosa 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(1):622-639
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) water contamination is a global concern, having reached disturbing concentrations and threatening the aquatic ecosystems. We... 相似文献
129.
Seixas TG Kehrig Hdo A Costa M Fillmann G Di Beneditto AP Secchi ER Souza CM Malm O Moreira I 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,154(1):98-106
Selenium and total and organic mercury were determined in the liver and kidney of franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) incidentally caught in fishing nets along two Brazilian coastal areas (southeast and south). Regional differences in the concentrations of these contaminants were observed in P. blainvillei. Liver showed the highest organic and total mercury. In general, samples of individuals collected at the southern of Brazil had the highest concentrations of selenium and total and organic mercury. No significant gender differences were observed. Growth stage influenced the accumulation of these contaminants in both organs, and hepatic concentrations increased with the body length, according to the sampling area. Molar mercury and selenium concentrations in liver were significantly correlated, with a Se:Hg ratio close to 4. The among-site differences we found may be related to differences in preferred prey, bioavailability in the marine environment, environmental conditions, or these individuals may belong to distinct populations. 相似文献
130.
Misík M Micieta K Solenská M Misíková K Pisarcíková H Knasmüller S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,145(2):459-466
Aim of the study was to monitor changes of genotoxic activity of urban air caused by an incinerator and a petrochemical plant in Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) and pollen fertility assays with wild plants (Chelidonium majus, Clematis vitalba, Cichorium intybus, Linaria vulgaris, Robinia pseudoacacia). While in the first sampling period (1997-2000) significantly (on average 80%) more MN were found at the polluted site in comparison to controls from a rural area, no significant effects were observed during a later period (between 2003 and 2005). A similar pattern was observed in the pollen abortion assays in which the most pronounced effects were found in chicory and false acacia. The differences of the results obtained in the two periods can be explained by a substantial reduction of air pollution by use of new technologies. In particular the decrease of SO(2) emissions may account for the effects seen in the present study. 相似文献