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Jürgen Wittsiepe Ulrich Ewers Petra Schrey Michael Kramer Martin Exner Fidelis Selenka Wilhelm Beine Klaus Kemper Detlef Schmeer Helmut Weber 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1993,5(4):206-215
This study was designed to assess the degree of exposure to PCDD/F in 56 selected persons living in the vicinity of a former copper smelter located in Marsberg, Germany. The copper smelter was in operation until 1945. In 1991, high levels of PCDD/F were found particularly in materials from the slag dumps (10 000 – 100 000 ng TE/kg). The levels of PCDD/F in blood fat were used as parameters for individual PCDD/F exposure. Since only limited reference data for PCDD/F in human blood were available, blood samples of a reference group were analyzed in the same way. The criteria were collected from a group matched for sex, age (±3 years) and body mass. The median NATO/CCMS-Toxicity equivalency values (NATO/CCMS-TE-values) of the Marsberg group (43,2 pg NATO/CCMS-TE/g blood fat) and the reference group (43,0 pg NATO/CCMS-TE/g blood fat) were similar, whereas the arithmetic mean of the Marsberg group (52,7 pg NATO/CCMS-TE/g blood fat) was higher than that of the reference group (44,4 pg NATO/CCMS-TE/g blood fat). The frequency distribution of the individual TE-values of the Marsberg group was slightly shifted toward higher values. The individuals of the Marsberg group had significantly higher levels of PentaCDF, HexaCDF and HeptaCDF on average than the individuals of the reference group. On the basis of TE-values, the majority of the individuals from Marsberg did not have an increased body burden of PCDD/F. However, some individuals could be identified with TE-values exceeding background levels ranging up to 231 pg NATO/CCMS-TE/g blood fat. Although it must be assumed that the unusual congener pattern found in many of the test subjects is a result of ingestion of contaminated slag material or soil, the findings of this study could not verify this fact. 相似文献
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In recent years thermal utilization of mixed wastes and solid recovered fuels has become of increasing importance in European waste management. Since wastes or solid recovered fuels are generally composed of fossil and biogenic materials, only part of the CO2 emissions is accounted for in greenhouse gas inventories or emission trading schemes. A promising approach for determining this fraction is the so-called radiocarbon method. It is based on different ratios of the carbon isotopes 14C and 12C in fossil and biogenic fuels. Fossil fuels have zero radiocarbon, whereas biogenic materials are enriched in 14C and reflect the 14CO2 abundance of the ambient atmosphere. Due to nuclear weapons tests in the past century, the radiocarbon content in the atmosphere has not been constant, which has resulted in a varying 14C content of biogenic matter, depending on the period of growth. In the present paper 14C contents of different biogenic waste fractions (e.g., kitchen waste, paper, wood), as well as mixtures of different wastes (household, bulky waste, and commercial waste), and solid recovered fuels are determined. The calculated 14C content of the materials investigated ranges between 98 and 135 pMC. 相似文献
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Comparative goal-oriented assessment of conventional and alternative sewage sludge treatment options
Phosphorous (P) is a limited and non-substitutable resource. Sewage sludge contains significant amounts of P and is therefore a widely applied fertilizer. Due to its organic and inorganic contaminants, sewage sludge is also combusted in industrial facilities as well as in waste incinerators. This study compares five common methods and one novel alternative based on a thermo-chemical process to treat and dispose of sewage sludge with regard to environmental impact, resource recovery, and materials dissipation. The comparison is based on material flow analysis, energy balances, selected LCA impact analysis, and statistical entropy analysis. This work shows that the novel technology combines both advantages of the established practices: organic and inorganic pollutants are either destroyed or removed from the P containing material, and the P returned to the soil exhibits high plant-availability. The novel method also has low emissions. The additional energy requirements should be reduced. However, with regards to sewage sludge P recovery is more important than energy recovery. 相似文献
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