VELOCITY AND CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTIONS OF SEDIMENT‐LADEN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW1

ABSTRACT: A mathematical model to predict both velocity and concentration distributions for sediment‐laden open channel flow is developed. Velocity profiles are derived by theoretical analysis and numerical method. Logarithmic law and semi‐empirical wake function concept are not adopted. An empirical equation for the ratio of sediment exchange and fluid diffusion coefficients is considered to solve the diffusion equation for suspended‐sediment concentration profiles. Four sets of experimental data from previous researchers are compared to numerical calculation. In the engineering applications, velocity and concentration profiles of sediment‐laden flow can be predicted simultaneously by the present model with the measured velocity and sediment‐concentration at reference level.     

Sensitivity analysis of ground-level ozone concentration to emission changes in two urban regions of southeast Texas

Air pollutant emission is one of the predominant factors affecting urban air quality such as ground-level ozone formation. This paper assesses the impact of changing emission inventory scenarios, based on combinations of point, mobile, area/non-road and biogenic sources, on the tropospheric ozone concentration in two southeast Texas urban areas, i.e. Houston-Galveston and Beaumont-Port Arthur, during the rapid ozone formation event (ROFE) on August 25, 2000. The EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with 1999 national emission inventory (NEI99) estimates and updated SAPRC99 chemical mechanism are used in the sensitivity analysis for twelve different emission scenarios. Based on model results, it is found that the point source emission of NOx and VOC contributes the greatest ozone peak in the ROFE. Removing Texas point sources of VOC and NOx emission from the inventory results in a reduction in peak O3 concentration by 128 and 70 ppbv in Houston urban area, respectively. Similar but less drastic impact from point source is also observed in the Beaumont-Port Arthur area. The effect on peak ozone concentration due to mobile, area and non-road sources emissions are less significant compared to that of point source emission. Reducing VOC emission appears to be more effective than reducing NOx emission in lowering peak O3 concentration in the studied region. Although biogenic emission can contribute up to 37 ppbv of peak ozone level over a large area, the affected area is away from the urban region of concern, and should not be the main cause for O3 non-attainment in the two urban areas. Removing CO emission from mobile sources does not lead to significant reduction (< 1 ppbv) in ozone concentrations. The modeled data also show that the transport of O3 precursors from adjacent states can cause a significant ozone plume near Beaumont due to its proximity to the state border based on the conditions during the August 25, 2000 O3 episode.     

江苏太湖地区农业耕作制度变化及其对地表水土环境的影响

农业耕作制度变化及其环境效应是国内外广泛关注的学术前沿问题。近60 a来,江苏太湖地区农业耕作制度发生较大变化,主要表现在种植制度从偏重粮食生产转向粮经作物协调发展,用地作物增多而养地作物减少,作物品种经历了改进与优化过程,作物熟制经历了从“双三制”恢复到两熟制。施肥种类从有机肥为主转变为完全施用化肥,氮磷钾肥投入比例从长期严重失调发展到逐渐趋于协调。在总结近60 a来江苏太湖地区农业耕作制度变化特征的基础上,〖JP2〗分析了农业耕作制度变化对地表水土环境的影响,并提出了今后需要进一步关注的研究方向     

不敏感发射药检测与评估技术研究综述

为了深入研究不敏感发射药,从全尺寸发射药不敏感性能试验、实验室感度试验及小型模拟试验三个方面,综述了发射药在各类刺激源下响应特性检测评估技术的研究进展,重点阐述了具有发射药特点的小型模拟检测手段和方法。如热碎片传导点火试验、小规模慢速烤燃装置试验及发射药床临界直径试验方法等,提出了不敏感发射药检测与评估迫切需要发展的方向。研究发射药小型模拟试验及评估技术,该类方法可研究发射药配方组分、药型等对其敏感性响应规律及机理,有望减少或替代全尺寸发射药装药的外场响应试验;发展适用于发射药多孔离散状结构的试验方法、反应判据及评估标准,促进高能不敏感发射药的研究和应用;开展发射装药对弹药生存能力影响评估技术,结合典型弹药研究装药结构等对其反应等级的影响规律。     

太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒方法的对比研究

目的 找出太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒方法的特点和价值。方法 基于几种典型的透明高分子材料试样,分别在佛罗里达典型亚热带潮湿环境自然曝晒、汽车外饰实验室氙灯加速耐候试验及亚利桑那太阳跟踪反射聚能户外加速曝晒黄变结果相关性、加速性和区分度的对比分析,来比较这几种试验方法的特点。结果 户外加速曝晒和自然曝晒的相关性高于氙灯加速试验和自然曝晒的相关性。与自然曝晒相比,户外加速曝晒的平均加速倍率及不同试样的加速倍率的相对差异明显小于氙灯加速试验。自然曝晒和户外加速曝晒的区分度也明显大于实验室氙灯加速试验。结论 户外加速曝晒方法较好地均衡了相关性、加速性、加速一致性及区分度,适合高分子材料的验证性试验。     

基于单元格网的STREAM分布式水文模型及其应用——以太湖上游西苕溪流域为例

STREAM模型是基于单元格网的分布式水文模型，可以利用易于获取的地理信息，揭示气候变化及下垫面改变对水循环的复杂影响。选择太湖上游西苕溪流域为研究区，采用1979～1999年的26个降水站实测序列和不同时段的土地利用数据，应用GIS流域分析方法与空间插值技术建立300 m的流域格网信息，并通过BLAISE脚本语言实现STREAM模型与GIS的集成，应用1979～1999年水文站实测序列对模型进行率定和验证。结果显示月径流量和年径流量模拟与实测值吻合良好，1980～1988年模型率定期，月径流量的确定性系数为078，年径流量的确定性系数为086，各年平均相对误差仅为6％；1989～1999年模型验证期，月径流量的确定性系数为075，年径流量的确定性系数为082，各年平均相对误差为95％。研究证实模型有较强的预测能力，在流域管理与决策中具有较好的应用前景。     

Carbon-based and carbon-supported nanomaterials for the catalytic conversion of biomass: a review

Catalytic conversion of biomass and waste into chemicals and fuels is gaining interest to reach a circular economy. Here, we review carbon-based and carbon-supported nanocatalysts for biomass conversion with focus on catalyst types and synthesis, optimization, mechanisms and three-dimension catalytic structures. Catalystic materials include amorphous carbon, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers.

     

太湖东岸饮用水主要异味物质年变化规律及来源分析

于2015年对苏州市太湖东岸饮用水主要异味物质进行了调查。结果表明,主要异味物质为土臭素、2-甲基异莰醇、β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮等,检出率分别50.0%,66.7%,70.8%和66.7%,其中2-甲基异莰醇年均值是其嗅觉阈值的2.31倍,其他异味物质年均值未超过其阈值,水体主要表现为土霉味。异味问题爆发时间为夏季(5—9月),土臭素、2-甲基异莰醇、β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮检出最高值分别为13.8,170,170和29.6 ng/L。分析了异味物质与环境因子的相关性,初步推断太湖主要异味物质为水中蓝藻的某些种类所致。     

Working mechanism and experimental study of dual-diameter and bi-speed composite drilling tool

ABSTRACT

As oil and gas production gradually shifts to deep and ultra-deep formations, the pressure and complexity of stratum is increased and drilling efficiency is decreased. Based on this, a Dual-diameter and bi-speed composite drilling method that can realize the different depth, diameter, and rotate speed coupling using only hole-bottom power is proposed in this paper. And a Dual-diameter and bi-speed composite drilling tool is designed, processed, and carried out to complete the field experiment. The tool is connected by a two-stage screw to make the rotate speed of a pilot bit higher than that of the reaming bit to increase the rate of penetration. And a concave bottom hole is formed so that the ground stress is released and the drillability of rock is lifted. Based on the introduction of the speed-up mechanism of the tool, the numerical analysis of the drilling performance of the tool with different diameter ratios and rotate-velocity combinations is completed. The experimental data showed that the Dual-diameter and bi-speed composite drilling method can obviously increase the rate of penetration and drilling efficiency, and also help to reduce the risk of stick-slip and prolong the service life of the drill bit.     

黄土高原沟壑区土地景观空间格局遥感分析

应用遥感图像采集信息，在ＧＩＳ支持下，建立空间信息库，进行嵌块大小、分维数、形状指数、优势度、多样性、相对丰富度、破碎度等指标计算，研究了黄土高原沟壑区淳化县泥河沟流域土地景观空间格局特征。结果表明，本区域景观类型比较简单，景观多样性比较低。建议在本区域特别是在沟缘线上下两侧，打埝修梯，植树造林，建筑成沿沟沿缘线数十米宽的生态廊道和景观网络，增加景观类型，提高景观多样性，进一步控制水土流失，不断改