太湖水体颗粒物散射的剖面分布及其影响因素分析

为了探索太湖水体颗粒物散射的剖面分布特征,掌握水下散射变化机制,2008年11月对太湖3个不同深度的散射系数和后向散射系数分别进行观测.研究分析了它们随深度变化的特征;由衰减系数,计算出太湖水体颗粒物粒径分布函数(PSD)斜率值的剖面分布;根据散射系数与悬浮物浓度的相关关系,推算了悬浮物浓度及组成的剖面分布;根据水体折射指数,分析了不同深度水体散射系数的主导影响因子.在0、50、100 cm这3个深度处的颗粒物散射,分别有14%、17%、12%的样本是由藻类颗粒物主导的,35%、30%、34%是由无机颗粒物和非藻类有机颗粒物主导的,51%、53%、51%是由三者共同主导.结果表明,太湖水体的散射和后向散射系数随深度变化较小,不同湖区太湖水体总悬浮的浓度差异性很大,但是在不同剖面深度上差异较小,浓度差异较大的点基本上都出现在入湖河流旁,太湖水体颗粒物散射系数的主导影响因子除少数靠近入湖河流的样点外,大部分样点在不同剖面深度上差异较小.     

Total mercury in wild fish in Guizhou reservoirs, China

The health hazard of mercury (Hg) compounds is internationally recognized, and the main pathways for methylmercury (MeHg) intake in humans are through consumption of food, especially fish. Given the large releases of Hg to the environment in China, combined with the fast development of hydropower, this issue deserves attention. Provided similar mobilization pathways of Hg in China as seen in reservoirs in North America and Europe one should expect increased Hg contamination in relation to future hydropower reservoir construction in this country. This study presents total Hg (THg) concentrations in wild fish from six Guizhou reservoirs, China. The THg concentrations in fish were generally low despite high background levels in the bedrock and depositions from local point sources. The over all mean ± SD concentration of THg was (0.066 ± 0.078) μg/g (n = 235). After adjusting for among-reservoir variation in THg, there were significant differences in THg among functional groups of the fish, assumed to re?ect trophic levels. Predicted THg- concentration ratios, retrieved from a mixed linear model, between the functional groups were 9:4:4:1 for carnivorous, omnivorous, planktivorous and herbivorous fish. This result indicated that MeHg accumulation may prevail even under circumstances with short food chains as in this Chinese water system. No fish exceeded recommended maximum THg limit for human consumption set by World Health Organization and the Standardization Administration of China (0.5 μg/g fish wet weight (ww)). Only six fish (2.5%) exceeded the maximum THg limit set by US Environmental Protection Agency (0.3 μg/g fish ww).     

城市有机废弃物联合厌氧发酵工程实例

摘要：本文以传祥垃圾综合处理厂为例,详细介绍了城市垃圾处理新工艺——“城市有机废弃物联合厌氧发酵工艺”,通过本工艺的实际运行效果来看,该工艺具有极大的推广应用价值。     

光污染防治立法的研究及探讨

目前,光污染这种新型的环境污染,已成为一个必需正视的环境问题。为了更为有效地防治光污染,保护公众的环境权益,中国急需建立光污染防治法律体系。采用符合本国国情的立法模式,建立完善的监管体系,制定具体明确的光污染防治标准等将是中国光污染防治法律体系建立的核心内容。本文阐述了光污染的概况,介绍了国内外光污染防治立法现状,前瞻性地提出以经济和生态的可持续发展为指导思想,采取预防性原则从环保和法律的角度出发,建立符合中国国情的光污染防治体系,全面防治光污染的建议。     

Strategies to improve aerobic granular sludge stability and nitrogen removal based on feeding mode and substrate

A systemic strategy was proposed to improve aerobic granular sludge(AGS)stability and nitrogen(N)removal efficiency by optimizing feeding mode and substrate aiming at complicated wastewater characteristics.Key functional groups at the genus level identified by high-throughput sequencing were evaluated as well.The results showed that anaerobic feeding mode and acetate promoted the compact AGS formation with excellent total nitrogen(TN)removal efficiency(averaging 91.7%±4.1%)at various dissolved oxygen conditions.While the aerobic feeding mode led to a loose AGS structure with a vulnerable anaerobic core and poor TN removal efficiency(averaging58.8%±7.4%).Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process played the dominant role in N removal in compact AGS over the alternating nitrification and denitrification process.High-concentration glucose undermined feast-famine condition with filamentous bacteria growth out of granule and decreased TN removal efficiency to 67.3%±15.2%.Lower food to microorganism ratio may result in a lower N removal rate attributed to the sharply increased biomass concentration fed by glucose.Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,denitrifying bacteria,and denitrifying phosphorus accumulation organisms enriched during AGS granulation also contributed to the efficient N removal.The proposed strategy provided insights into the relationship between various factors and stable AGS formation,and systemic operation methods for various complicated wastewater treatment.     

不敏感发射药检测与评估技术研究综述

为了深入研究不敏感发射药,从全尺寸发射药不敏感性能试验、实验室感度试验及小型模拟试验三个方面,综述了发射药在各类刺激源下响应特性检测评估技术的研究进展,重点阐述了具有发射药特点的小型模拟检测手段和方法。如热碎片传导点火试验、小规模慢速烤燃装置试验及发射药床临界直径试验方法等,提出了不敏感发射药检测与评估迫切需要发展的方向。研究发射药小型模拟试验及评估技术,该类方法可研究发射药配方组分、药型等对其敏感性响应规律及机理,有望减少或替代全尺寸发射药装药的外场响应试验;发展适用于发射药多孔离散状结构的试验方法、反应判据及评估标准,促进高能不敏感发射药的研究和应用;开展发射装药对弹药生存能力影响评估技术,结合典型弹药研究装药结构等对其反应等级的影响规律。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on the soil profile methane distribution and diffusion in rice-wheat rotation system

The aim of this experiment was to determine the impacts of climate change on soil profile concentrations and diffusion effluxes of methane in a rice–wheat annual rotation ecosystem in Southeastern China. We initiated a field experiment with four treatments:ambient conditions(CKs), CO_2 concentration elevated to ~ 500 μmol/mol(FACE),temperature elevated by ca. 2°C(T) and combined elevation of CO_2 concentration and temperature(FACE + T). A multilevel sampling probe was designed to collect the soil gas at four different depths, namely, 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Methane concentrations were higher during the rice season and decreased with depth, while lower during the wheat season and increased with depth. Compared to CK, mean methane concentration was increased by 42%, 57% and 71% under the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, at the 7 cm depth during the rice season(p 0.05). Mean methane diffusion effluxes to the 7 cm depth were positive in the rice season and negative in the wheat season, resulting in the paddy field being a source and weak sink, respectively. Moreover, mean methane diffusion effluxes in the rice season were 0.94, 1.19 and 1.42 mg C/(m~2·hr) in the FACE,FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, being clearly higher than that in the CK. The results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO_2 concentration and temperature could significantly increase soil profile methane concentrations and their effluxes from a rice–wheat field annual rotation ecosystem(p 0.05).     

湖州市本级环境功能区划试点研究

浙江省为了加快实施主体功能区战略,优化国土空间开发格局,建立“分区管理、分类指导”的环境管理体系,形成国家、省、市县三级环境功能区划体系,开展了市县环境功能区划编制试点研究.湖州市本级作为试点之一,落实省级环境功能区划的要求,明确区划的原则与思路,评价生态自然属性和社会属性的协调性,最终划分环境功能区,提出各功能区保护目标与管控措施,为湖州市本级环境管理提供科学依据,同时也为省内其他市县开展环境功能区划工作提供参考.     

汉江中下游典型城市发展对气候变化脆弱性分析研究

在全球气候变化的背景下,汉江中下游气候也发生了明显变化,气候变化对该区域发展造成了不同程度的影响.本论文分析了汉江中下游的襄阳、荆门和武汉的发展对气候变化的脆弱性,探讨影响其脆弱性变化的关键因素,为该区域应对气候变化、减少未来气候变化对汉江中下游发展的负面影响、实现汉江中下游社会、经济和环境的可持续发展提供依据.     

催化燃烧技术处理VOCs的研究进展

催化燃烧是实现挥发性有机物(VOCs)高效燃烧的一种处理技术,文章总结介绍了国内外催化燃烧工艺的研究进展,比如固定床催化燃烧技术、整体式催化燃烧工艺、流化床催化燃烧反应工艺和流向变换催化燃烧与吸-放热耦合反应工艺,并在最后指出了今后催化燃烧的研究方向。