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61.
Henrik Schwarz 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2001,13(6):353-358
Although the permissible emission limits for new motor vehicles are continuously being reduced year after year, the proportion of citizens in the Federal Republic of Germany who are affected by such traffic noise continues to remain practically constant. Thus, aside from the innovations in motor-vehicle technology, the question must be raised concerning what other possibilities are actually available for achieving a reduction in the emission of traffic noises. In the following, planning possibilities are presented for the traffic routes themselves and for their direct vicinities. An evaluation is also made concerning their efficiency. In addition to the prognostic tools of the guidelines which have been introduced in Germany and Austria, the application of modern research must also be taken into consideration. 相似文献
62.
Lind BB Norrman J Larsson LB Ohlsson SA Bristav H 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2008,28(1):170-180
A study was performed between June 2001 and December 2004 with the primary objective of assessing long-term leaching from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash in a test road construction in relation to a reference road made up of conventional materials and the natural geochemical conditions in the surroundings. The metal leaching from the test road and the reference road was compared with the natural weathering in the regional surroundings for three time scales: 16, 80 and 1000 years. The results show that Cu and Zn cause a geochemical anomaly from the test road compared with the surroundings. The leaching of Cu from the test road is initially high but will decline with time and will in the long term be exceeded by natural weathering. Zn on the other hand has low initial leaching, which will increase with time and will in the long term exceed that of the test road and the surroundings by a factor of 100-300. For the other metals studied, Al, Na, K and Mg, there is only very limited leaching over time and the potential accumulation will not exceed the background values in a 1000 years. 相似文献
63.
Gordon Purvis Geertrui Louwagie Greg Northey Simon Mortimer Julian Park Alice Mauchline John Finn Jørgen Primdahl Henrik Vejre Jens Peter Vesterager Karlheinz Knickel Nadia Kasperczyk Katalin Balázs George Vlahos Stamatios Christopoulos Jukka Peltola 《Environmental Science & Policy》2009,12(3):321-337
An aggregated farm-level index, the Agri-environmental Footprint Index (AFI), based on multiple criteria methods and representing a harmonised approach to evaluation of EU agri-environmental schemes is described. The Index uses a common framework for the design and evaluation of policy that can be customised to locally relevant agri-environmental issues and circumstances. Evaluation can be strictly policy-focused, or broader and more holistic in that context-relevant assessment criteria that are not necessarily considered in the evaluated policy can nevertheless be incorporated. The Index structure is flexible, and can respond to diverse local needs. The process of Index construction is interactive, engaging farmers and other relevant stakeholders in a transparent decision-making process that can ensure acceptance of the outcome, help to forge an improved understanding of local agri-environmental priorities and potentially increase awareness of the critical role of farmers in environmental management. The structure of the AFI facilitates post-evaluation analysis of relative performance in different dimensions of the agri-environment, permitting identification of current strengths and weaknesses, and enabling future improvement in policy design. Quantification of the environmental impact of agriculture beyond the stated aims of policy using an ‘unweighted’ form of the AFI has potential as the basis of an ongoing system of environmental audit within a specified agricultural context. 相似文献
64.
Ecosystems around the world are increasingly exposed to multiple, often interacting human activities, leading to pressures and possibly environmental state changes. Decision support tools (DSTs) can assist environmental managers and policy makers to evaluate the current status of ecosystems (i.e. assessment tools) and the consequences of alternative policies or management scenarios (i.e. planning tools) to make the best possible decision based on prevailing knowledge and uncertainties. However, to be confident in DST outcomes it is imperative that known sources of uncertainty such as sampling and measurement error, model structure, and parameter use are quantified, documented, and addressed throughout the DST set-up, calibration, and validation processes. Here we provide a brief overview of the main sources of uncertainty and methods currently available to quantify uncertainty in DST input and output. We then review 42 existing DSTs that were designed to manage anthropogenic pressures in the Baltic Sea to summarise how and what sources of uncertainties were addressed within planning and assessment tools. Based on our findings, we recommend future DST development to adhere to good modelling practise principles, and to better document and communicate uncertainty among stakeholders.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-020-01385-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
65.
Henrik Horn 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2011,62(1):15-29
The WTO leaves discretion over environmental policies to its members, but requests that a fundamental non-discrimination principle is respected: National Treatment (NT). The provision seeks to prevent protectionist use of domestic policy instruments, requesting that when an imported product is sufficiently similar to a domestic product, they are treated identically. WTO adjudicators will often face severe informational problems in environmental disputes. Important for the practical implementation of NT is therefore the allocation of the burden of proof (BoP). This paper highlights basic implications of the BoP for the occurrence of judicial errors, for the environment and for welfare, using a setting where NT serves its intended role of supporting negotiated tariff liberalization. The paper suggests that NT may indeed constrain environmental policies, but that this may be desirable from an efficiency point of view. Also, BoP rules that benefit the environment may not benefit global welfare, and conversely. 相似文献
66.
Charlotte Scheutz Rasmus Broe Pedersen Per Haugsted Petersen Jørgen Henrik Bjerre Jørgensen Inmaculada Maria Buendia Ucendo Jacob G. Mønster Jerker Samuelsson Peter Kjeldsen 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(7):1179-1190
Methane generated at landfills contributes to global warming and can be mitigated by biocover systems relying on microbial methane oxidation. As part of a closure plan for an old unlined landfill without any gas management measures, an innovative biocover system was established. The system was designed based on a conceptual model of the gas emission patterns established through an initial baseline study. The study included construction of gas collection trenches along the slopes of the landfill where the majority of the methane emissions occurred. Local compost materials were tested as to their usefulness as bioactive methane oxidizing material and a suitable compost mixture was selected. Whole site methane emission quantifications based on combined tracer release and downwind measurements in combination with several local experimental activities (gas composition within biocover layers, flux chamber based emission measurements and logging of compost temperatures) proved that the biocover system had an average mitigation efficiency of approximately 80%. The study showed that the system also had a high efficiency during winter periods with temperatures below freezing. An economic analysis indicated that the mitigation costs of the biocover system were competitive to other existing greenhouse gas mitigation options. 相似文献
67.
The theoretical concept, “asset specificity,” is applied to real data in the context of Danish nature conservation network
planning in order to produce illustrative examples of an economic measure of the network’s vulnerability to exogenous shocks
to the species composition. Three different measures of asset specificity are quantified from the shadow value of eliminating
a key species from the individual grid cells. This represents a novel approach and a different interpretation of the term,
as it is conventionally used as a qualitative indicator in the transaction cost economics literature. Apart from supplementing
existing cost measures with an indicator of risk associated with investments in protected areas, this study demonstrates how
the estimation and interpretation of various asset specificity measures for geographical areas may qualify policy makers’
choice of policy instrument in conservation planning. This differs from the more intuitive approach of basing policy instrument
choice solely on the rarity of the species in a given area. 相似文献
68.
Global assessment of the non-equilibrium concept in rangelands 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The non-equilibrium concept of rangeland dynamics predicts that the potential for grazing-induced degradation is low in rangelands with relatively variable precipitation. To date, evidence in support of the non-equilibrium concept has been inconsistent. Using a standardized protocol, including a newly developed global map of rainfall variability, we reviewed the incidence of degradation in relation to rainfall variability across 58 published studies. We distinguished between (1) zonal degradation (i.e., degradation independent of water and key resources), (2) degradation in the presence of key resources, and (3) degradation in the presence of water. For studies not affected by proximity to permanent water or key resources, we found strong support for the non-equilibrium concept for rangelands. Zonal degradation was absent at CV (coefficient of variation) values above 33%, which has been proposed as a critical threshold. Grazing degradation was almost entirely restricted to areas with relatively stable annual precipitation as expressed by a low CV, or to rangelands with key resources or water points nearby. To better understand rangeland dynamics, we recommend that future studies use globally comparable measures of degradation and rainfall variability. Our work underlines that rangelands with relatively stable rainfall patterns, and those with access to water or key resources, are potentially vulnerable to degradation. Grazing management in such areas should incorporate strategic rest periods. Such rest periods effectively mimic natural fluctuations in herbivore populations, which are a defining characteristic of non-degraded rangelands occurring under highly variable precipitation regimes. 相似文献
69.
Henrik Brumm 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(8):1157-1165
Bird song is a sexually selected multidimensional signal. A fundamental question regarding the evolution of sexually selected
signals is what information they convey and how their honesty is maintained. Song amplitude is a performance-related signal
trait that varies considerably between individuals, but this signal dimension has been neglected in past studies. I found
that median song amplitude in male nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos) and zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) did not vary significantly with body size or residual body mass. In contrast, I found a significant negative correlation
between body size (and also residual mass) and the maximum song amplitude during interactive singing in nightingales. However,
the function of these more subtle differences in song amplitude remains to be investigated. By and large, the results of this
study suggest that mean song amplitude is unlikely to indicate a bird’s body size or current condition (measured as residual
mass). 相似文献
70.
Henrik Kylin Henk Bouwman Steven W. Evans 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(2):282-290