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231.
Hermann Fromme Wolfgang Krner Nabil Shahin Antonia Wanner Michael Albrecht Sigrun Boehmer Harun Parlar Richard Mayer Bernhard Liebl Gabriele Bolte 《Environment international》2009,35(8):1125-1135
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population. 相似文献
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Summary. We characterized the induction of hydroxamic acids (Hx) by aphid infestation in the wild wheat Triticum uniaristatum by addressing the following questions: i) Do different leaves have similar responses to aphid damage?, ii) Is the Hx induction
localized or systemic?, iii) How long does the induction last?, and iv) Is the degree of damage related to the magnitude of
induced Hx? Based on earlier results on this wheat/aphid system (lack of costs of Hx induction) we expected to find the plant
exhibiting cost-saving patterns of response to herbivory. Aphid infestation in the primary leaf led to induced levels of Hx,
but no differences in Hx levels were found after infestation of the secondary leaf. Induction of Hx was restricted to the
infested leaf (primary leaf). Induced Hx levels exhibited by the primary leaf at the end of aphid infestation were not observed
2 days later. Finally, different aphid densities (between 10 and 40 aphids per leaf) did not produce significant differences
in Hx levels in infested primary leaves. Characteristics of Hx induction by aphid infestation in T. uniaristatum partially support the expected cost-saving patterns in the allocation of induced defenses.
Received 15 January 1997; accepted 7 July 1997. 相似文献
233.
Lotze-Campen Hermann Verburg Peter H. Popp Alexander Lindner Marcus Verkerk Pieter J. Moiseyev Alexander Schrammeijer Elizabeth Helming John Tabeau Andrzej Schulp Catharina J. E. van der Zanden Emma H. Lavalle Carlo e Silva Filipe Batista Walz Ariane Bodirsky Benjamin 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(3):751-762
Regional Environmental Change - Protection of natural or semi-natural ecosystems is an important part of societal strategies for maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem services, and achieving overall... 相似文献
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Hermann Haken 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1981,68(6):293-299
The formation of ordered structures seems to contradict fundamental principles of physics according to which disorder should ever increase. Synergetics deals with the question how in spite of these laws structures can arise. We shall give a number of explicit examples. Large classes of ordered states in open systems are determined by a new principle based on the growth rates of collective configurations. In contrast, concepts such as entropy or entropy production are inadequate to treat such phenomena. 相似文献
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