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131.
Christopher E. Hill S. Elizabeth Campbell J. Cully Nordby John M. Burt Michael D. Beecher 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,46(5):341-349
Sharing song types with immediate neighbors is widespread in birds with song repertoires, and sharing songs may confer a
selective advantage in some cases. Levels of song sharing vary between different geographical populations of several bird
species, and ecological differences often correlate with differences in singing behavior; in particular, males in migratory
subspecies often share fewer songs than males in resident subspecies. The song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) appears to fit this pattern: resident song sparrows in western North America generally share 20–40% of their repertoire
(of about eight songs) with each neighbor, while migratory subspecies from eastern North America often share 10% or less.
We compared song sharing in two populations within a single subspecies of song sparrow (M. m. morphna) in Washington State. These populations, separated by only 120 km, nonetheless differ in migratory tendencies and several
other ecological and life history variables. We recorded complete song repertoires from 11 male song sparrows in a high-elevation,
migrating population at Gold Creek in west-central Washington, and compared them to two samples (n = 15 and n = 36) from a coastal, resident population at Discovery Park, Seattle, Washington. Despite major differences in habitat, population
density, and migratory tendencies, song sharing among Gold Creek males was as high as that among Discovery Park males. In
both populations, sharing was highest between immediate neighbors, and declined with distance. We conclude that at the within-subspecies
level, neither migration nor population density affect song sharing in song sparrows, a song repertoire species.
Received: 26 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 1 May 1999 / Accepted: 29 May 1999 相似文献
132.
133.
Experimental trampling trials using a standardized methodology were undertaken in 10 replicate blocks in three vegetation types in an urban reserve in the subtropics of Australia. In each block different intensities of trampling (controls, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400 and 500 passes) were applied, and vegetation parameters were measured pre-trampling, immediately after trampling and 2 weeks later. A Fern understorey had low resistance to trampling intensity, with reductions in relative vegetation height and cover with as few as 10 passes. A Tussock grass understorey showed moderate resistance with reduction in height at 25 passes and cover at 50 passes. A Disturbed grassland dominated by lawn grasses had the highest resistance, with reductions in vegetation height at 100 passes, but cover was affected by as few as 10 passes. The resistance indices (number of passes required to reduce vegetation cover by 50%) of three vegetation types were 210, 360 and 860 passes, respectively. When these values were compared with those for 52 other vegetation types considerable variation was found within life forms, climatic zones and vegetation types indicating that the response of a specific community may not always be predictable. 相似文献
134.
Geraldine A. Wright David Raubenheimer Steven Hill Stephen J. Simpson 《Chemoecology》2000,10(2):59-67
Summary.
Schistocerca gregaria, the desert locust, has been shown to regulate its dietary intake with respect to specific macronutrients in synthetic foods.
This study examined the nutrients in the leaves of two starch mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, and then compared the feeding behaviour of locusts on the two starch mutants. The high-starch mutant had c. 25 times more starch than the no-starch mutant. Newly molted 5th stadium locusts were preconditioned for 3 days on one of
the mutants, and then observed for 90 min while exposed to the same or the alternative mutant. Locusts pretreated with the
no-starch mutant fed longer during the first meal on high-starch mutants, spent more time feeding, and had the smaller latency
to begin a meal when compared to the locusts pretreated on the high-starch mutant. The results of the study are interpreted
in light of an integrative model of nutrient balancing.
Received 16 November 1999; accepted 23 December 1999 相似文献
135.
Linking irreplaceable landforms in a self‐organizing landscape to sensitivity of population vital rates for an ecological specialist 下载免费PDF全文
Wade A. Ryberg Michael T. Hill Charles W. Painter Lee A. Fitzgerald 《Conservation biology》2015,29(3):888-898
Irreplaceable, self‐organizing landforms and the endemic and ecologically specialized biodiversity they support are threatened globally by anthropogenic disturbances. Although the outcome of disrupting landforms is somewhat understood, little information exists that documents population consequences of landform disturbance on endemic biodiversity. Conservation strategies for species dependent upon landforms have been difficult to devise because they require understanding complex feedbacks that create and maintain landforms and the consequences of landform configuration on demography of species. We characterized and quantified links between landform configuration and demography of an ecological specialist, the dunes sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus), which occurs only in blowouts (i.e., wind‐blown sandy depressions) of Shinnery oak (Quercus havardii) sand‐dune landforms. We used matrix models to estimate vital rates from a multisite mark‐recapture study of 6 populations occupying landforms with different spatial configurations. Sensitivity and elasticity analyses demonstrated demographic rates among populations varied in sensitivity to different landform configurations. Specifically, significant relationships between blowout shape complexity and vital rate elasticities suggested direct links between S. arenicolus demography and amount of edge in Shinnery oak sand‐dune landforms. These landforms are irreplaceable, based on permanent transition of disturbed areas to alternative grassland ecosystem states. Additionally, complex feedbacks between wind, sand, and Shinnery oak maintain this landform, indicating restoration through land management practices is unlikely. Our findings that S. arenicolus population dynamics depended on landform configuration suggest that failure to consider processes of landform organization and their effects on species’ population dynamics may lead to incorrect inferences about threats to endemic species and ineffective habitat management for threatened or endangered species. As such, successful conservation of these systems and the biodiversity they support must be informed by research linking process‐oriented studies of self‐organized landforms with studies of movement, behavior, and demography of species that dwell in them. 相似文献
136.
A silica gel impingement plate for monitoring pyrethroid deposits in environmentally sensitive areas is described. The plate is simple, commercially available, and inexpensive. A residue analysis method is given for deltamethrin deposits with 83.3% mean recovery and a minimum quantifiable limit of 0.005 microgram/plate. Pyrethroid deposits are strongly adsorbed to the silica gel, which prevents wash-off by rainfall and slows photodegradation. In two field experiments, deltamethrin was readily detected 3 weeks after direct spray applications at 6 and 10 g ai/ha. Deltamethrin dissipation on the plates was first-order with a half-life of 2.9-3.7 d. Photoisomers of deltamethrin were also detected on the plates and the ratio of photoisomers to deltamethrin increased over time. This ratio will indicate the age of deposits in monitoring situations. 相似文献
137.
Disinfection of wastewater solids (waste activated solids [WAS]) by interstitial vapor generation was investigated. In addition to the magnitude of disinfection, the amount of water removed and cost relative to traditional residuals disinfection processes was also examined. The process of interstitial vapor generation occurs as a result of the rapid heating of liquid in the interstices of the solid-liquid array. Intense heating causes boiling of the slurry liquid, resulting in an expanding vapor front that simultaneously dewaters the wastewater solids and contributes to the destruction of viable pathogenic microorganisms. Objectives of the study were threefold: (1) to validate disinfection of WAS using the interstitial vapor technique; (2) establish the degree of possible drying of the residuals using the techniques; and (3) establish the key operating variables for the process. Results showed a significant reduction in the most probable number of total coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Specifically, greater than four-log unit reductions were produced for both total coliform and E. coli bacteria. In addition to quantifying the reduction in bacteria, the percent solids were increased from an initial amount of 7.6% (mass basis) to a final solids content greater than 90% using optimal processing conditions. Cost comparisons were also conducted and shown to be quite favorable when compared with traditional disinfection methods such as lime addition. Because of the high level of E. coli reduction achieved, the process of interstitial vapor generation is shown to be capable of converting a class B biosolids into a class A pathogen reduced product. For example, an initial most probable number (MPN) of 1.2 x 10(6) E. coli bacteria were reduced to 19 at the extreme conditions of the process, well below the requirement of an MPN of 1000 for fecal coliform bacteria. Given its ability to disinfect and dewater wastewater solids, the interstitial vapor generation process was found to be a robust and beneficial technique to produce an environmental and publicly acceptable recyclable biosolids resource. 相似文献
138.
Xiying Hao Chi Chang H. Henry Janzen Brett R. Hill Troy Ormann 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2005,110(3-4):185-194
Elevated atmospheric NH3 levels near intensive livestock operations can add significant N to local agroecosystems. In this study, the potential atmospheric NH3 sorbed by soil and water was assessed over a 2-year period starting October 2000 in an intensive livestock production area in southern Alberta, Canada. Fifty-two uneven grid sampling sites were selected in the 53,905 ha study area. The sorption rate of atmospheric NH3 was estimated weekly by exposing distilled water and air-dried soil samples to the atmosphere at the sampling sites. The increases in NH4–N content in the samples after 1-week exposure was regarded as an index of the atmospheric NH3 sorbed for that week. The NH3 sorption rates were highly variable across the 52 sites, with water ranging from 4 to 125 kg ha−1 year−1 with a mean of 22 kg N ha−1 year−1 and soil from 5 to 84 kg N ha−1 year−1 with a mean of 20 kg N ha−1 year−1. Considerable variation in NH3–N sorption across the study area reflects the effects of size, direction (upwind or downwind) and proximity of nearby livestock operations or other NH3 sources and operators’ activities around the sampling sites. The NH3 sorption rate at each site also varied considerably in response to weather conditions. The high rate of NH3 input poses a direct risk of surface water eutrophication in intensive livestock operation areas. If fertilizer recommendations are not reduced to account for NH3 sorption by soil, excess N may also contribute to eutrophication through runoff and leaching. 相似文献
139.
Correlates of male mating success in the ruff Philomachus pugnax,a lekking shorebird 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wendy L. Hill 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1991,29(5):367-372
Summary Male ruffs (Philomachus pugnax), a lekking shorebird, can generally be divided into two morphs according to behavior and plumage coloration. Predominantly dark-colored, independent male ruffs defend small territories on a lek, whereas lighter colored satellite males are non-territorial and less site-faithful to a particular lek. The traits associated with the mating success of independent male ruffs were studied at two leks during two seasons on the island of Öland, Sweden in May and June of 1985 and 1987. Using multivariate analyses, three characteristics were found to be significantly related to mating success: high frequency of visits by satellites to an independent male's residence, consistency of lek attendance, and low rates of aggressive behavior. In contrast, mating success was unrelated to the degree of darkness of the independent male nuptial plumage, territory location on the lek, or rate of courtship displays. The use of multivariate analyses helped to resolve conflicting conclusions from previous studies which employed simple statistical analyses, or none at all. Experimental manipulations are suggested which will help to further determine the influence of female mate choice in this lekking system. 相似文献
140.
Procedurally defined periphyton frequently includes substantial quantities of hydrous iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxides. As these oxides are strong sorbers of heavy metals, their presence may complicate estimation of metal bioaccumulation by periphyton. We examined the relationship between nickel (Ni) sorption and the development time, biomass, and Fe and Mn oxide content of stream periphyton. Development time, the time during which periphyton accrued on submerged tile substrata, was used to provide variation in biomass, Fe and Mn levels. Stream periphyton from four development times was exposed to Ni for 2 h in the laboratory, and then ashed. Development time was significantly associated with ash-free dry mass (AFDM), Fe and Mn levels (ANOVA, P < or = 0.003). Ni extracted by a mild reductant (hydroxylamine hydrochloride) was significantly associated with development time, and with AFDM, Fe and Mn levels (linear models, P < or = 0.0002). A subsequent acid digestion yielded similar associations with the same variables (linear models, P < or = 0.0001). For both extractions, AFDM was significantly and positively correlated with Fe (r = 0.68 and 0.89) and with Mn (r = 0.77 and 0.93) (Spearman rank, P < or = 0.005). These data demonstrate the importance of periphyton development time in influencing both metal sorption and levels of biomass and ferromanganese oxides. The data also suggest that metal contaminant levels in periphyton should not be attributed automatically to biotic sorption. Periphyton metal-accumulation studies conducted where ferromanganese oxide concentrations are elevated should address the potential metal-sorbing roles of Fe and Mn oxides within the periphyton matrix. 相似文献