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11.
Behavioral and electroantennographic responsiveness of adult butterflies of six nymphalid species to food-derived volatiles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
While adults of most species of butterflies visit flowers for food (nectar), those of certain species can feed on rotting food (e.g., exuded tree sap and rotting fruits). These food sources considerably differ in odor; flowers emit species-specific scents and rotting-food odors are characterized by fermentation products. To determine whether adult butterflies have different olfactory performances adaptive to their food selections, we examined the following responses of naïve adults of six nymphalid species, namely, Nymphalis xanthomelas, Kaniska canace, Vanessa indica, Cynthia cardui, Hypolimnas bolina, and Argyreus hyperbius: the proboscis extension reflex (PER) was evaluated as the behavioral criterion of preference for scent compounds, and the electroantennographic (EAG) response was assessed as the sensory criterion of antennal perception. All of these species are nectarivorous, but N. xanthomelas, K. canace, and V. indica also forage rotting food. The PERs to 52 tested compounds were in good agreement with the food habits of these butterflies. The six species showed high PERs to several aromatic compounds widely found in flower scents. Fermentation products such as ethanol and acetic acid elicited intermediate to high responses from the three species feeding on rotting foods. The other three species showed low PERs to these compounds, and acetic acid strongly inhibited the PER-eliciting activities of the other compounds. These results demonstrate that the olfactory preference for fermentation products is a characteristic of the rotting-food feeders. The spectrum of EAG responses to 37 tested compounds was relatively similar among the six species. Particular acyclic aliphatic compounds, including green leaf volatiles, elicited high EAG responses from all the species. Despite a high PER-eliciting activity, most aromatic compounds induced intermediate EAG responses; however, ethanol and acetic acid evoked very weak responses. The results suggest that in food selection, adult butterflies use a specific olfactory system to perceive these major food-derived volatiles. 相似文献
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Povinec PP Hirose K Honda T Ito T Scott EM Togawa O 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2004,76(1-2):113-137
The data stored in the IAEA's Global Marine Radioactivity Database (GLOMARD) developed in the framework of the IAEA's project "Worldwide Marine Radioactivity Studies (WOMARS)" have been evaluated for Pacific and Indian Ocean surface waters. Four anthropogenic radionuclides-- 3H, 90Sr, 137Cs and (239,240)Pu --have been chosen as the most representative of anthropogenic radioactivity in the marine environment, comprising beta, gamma and alpha-emitters which are the most frequently analysed in the marine environment and which have (with the exception of tritium) the highest potential contribution to radiation doses to humans via seafood consumption. For the purposes of this study, the Pacific and Indian Oceans were divided into latitudinal boxes for which average radionuclide concentrations were estimated for the year 2000. The highest concentrations have been observed in the Japan Sea/East Sea and the North-West Pacific Ocean, the lowest in the Southern Ocean. 相似文献
14.
Combustion of brominated flame retardants and behavior of its byproducts 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Sakai S Watanabe J Honda Y Takatsuki H Aoki I Futamatsu M Shiozaki K 《Chemosphere》2001,42(5-7):519-531
The substance flow rate of PBDDs/DFs into flue gas and incineration residues from incineration of three types of waste samples containing brominated flame retardants were examined. The samples used consisted of PBDEs (a typical retardant), used TV casing materials (actual waste materials), and waste printed circuit boards. PBDDs/DFs concentrations in the experimental samples of PBDEs/PE, waste TV casing materials and printed circuit boards ranged between 3000 and 130,000 ng/g. These values are very high when compared to other investigations. The increase of chlorine concentration in input sample reduced the ratio of PBDDs/DFs in flue gas and raised the ratio of PCDDs/DFs. With adequate combustion control and flue gas treatment, the amount of PBDDs/DFs released from the incineration of resin containing brominated flame retardants was lower than the input amount. The presence of PBDDs/DFs in incineration residues dominated the total amount of dioxins released. When PBDDs/DFs, PCDDs/DFs and PXDDs/DFs were considered as a total, the total amount released was lower than the total amount input. 相似文献
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Hayami Takeda Shinobu Hashimoto Tomoya Iwata Sawao Honda Yuji Iwamoto 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2012,14(4):403-410
After packing a compact of coal fly ash mixed with 3.5?M (mol/L) sodium hydroxide solution into a cylindrical plastic mold at 80?°C and 50?% relative humidity for 24?h, the plastic mold was released and the compact was immersed in 3.5?M sodium hydroxide solution at 80?°C for 48?h. When the resultant compact was removed from the solution and cured at 80?°C and 50?% relative humidity for 7?days, a bulk material with zeolite was formed. The strength of the resultant bulk material was a result of the formation of geopolymer (alkali-activated cement). The specific surface area and the compressive strength of the bulk body sample were 21.4?m2/g and 29.0?MPa, respectively. According to a quantitative analysis conducted using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, the content of the formed Na-P type zeolite was estimated to be approximately 28.2?% in mass ratio. The pore size of the resultant bulk materials with zeolite ranges from sub-nanometer to several tens of nanometers, so the resultant bulk material with zeolite exhibited excellent water vapor retention characteristics. 相似文献
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Yoshihiro Nagahama Katsuhisa Suzuki 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2007,41(40):9570-9579
Total column abundances of CO, HCN, C2H6, and C2H2 have been retrieved from infrared solar spectra observed at Moshiri (44.4°N) and Rikubetsu (43.5°N) in northern Japan from 1997 to 2005. The spectra were recorded with high spectral resolution ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers and total column abundances were calculated by SFIT1 version 1.09e. Deviations of these species relative to their seasonal mean values (ΔCO, ΔHCN, ΔC2H6, and ΔC2H2) were derived, which showed short-time enhancements in 1998, 2002, and 2003. Good correlations among ΔCO, ΔHCN, ΔC2H6, and ΔC2H2 in a few months of each year were seen. Since the number of forest fires in Siberia had large enhancements in 1998, 2002, and 2003, trajectory analyses were performed in order to assess the influence of forest fires and it was confirmed that air masses passing over the location of burning points in Siberia reached Moshiri and Rikubetsu. This paper shows that enhancements of these species were driven by biomass burning in Siberia. 相似文献
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《安全生产法》修订需要重点解决的若干问题研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
分析我国《安全生产法》的贯彻实施情况,总结《安全生产法》实施过程中面临的政府安全生产监管机构职责分工调整、各级安全生产监管部门职责不清和运行不畅、新型的责任保险出现、企业安全生产主体责任不能完全落实等新形势和挑战。为适应我国快速发展的社会环境,以职业安全与健康立法一体化、安全生产监督与管理权限划分、工伤保险与责任保险结合、强化企业安全生产主体责任等难点为重点,提出《安全生产法》相关条款的修订建议、理由和内容。研究结果对完善我国《安全生产法》,提升安全生产法制化水平具有参考意义。 相似文献
18.
Keiichi Honda Hiroshi Minematsu Ken’ichiro Muta Hisashi ?mura Wataru Nishii 《Chemoecology》2012,22(1):55-63
The sulfur butterfly, Colias erate, utilizes various legumes as host plants. We examined the chemical constituents of its primary host plant, Trifolium repens (white clover), to identify phytochemicals inducing oviposition by C. erate females. Since one of the four aqueous subfractions prepared from a methanolic extract of the plant has previously been shown
to be the most responsible for the oviposition-stimulatory activity exerted by the plant, chemical analyses were conducted
of the fraction concerned. Activity-directed fractionation of the subfraction by ion-exchange chromatography revealed that
the key substance(s) resided in the neutral fraction. Preparative TLC of the neutral fraction and subsequent spectral analyses
identified d-(+)-pinitol, glycerin, methyl β-d-glucoside, and myo-inositol as characteristic components together with ubiquitous sugars (e.g., sucrose and glucose). Of these, only pinitol
singly evoked significant oviposition responses at concentrations over 0.05%. In dual-choice bioassays, however, females laid
significantly more eggs on pinitol solutions admixed with glycerin or methyl β-d-glucoside than on pinitol alone. Two cyanoglucosides, linamarin, and lotaustralin, occurring in the other aqueous subfractions,
also synergistically increased the oviposition response in combination with pinitol. The results clearly indicated that pinitol
is a crucial oviposition stimulant involved in host recognition, while glycerin, methyl β-d-glucoside, linamarin, and lotaustralin function as synergists. We further examined the oviposition responses of C. erate females to aqueous fractions, along with their chemical compositions, that had been prepared from five other host plants
and a non-host plant, Aristolochia debilis (Aristolochiaceae), on which oviposition occasionally took place in an outdoor cage during the experiments.
The plant species accepted by ovipositing females were all found to contain pinitol in amounts enough to induce egg laying
by the butterfly, thus leading to the conclusion that pinitol serves as the essential mediator in recognizing and accepting
potential host plants. 相似文献
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Jun Yamamoto Miyuki Hirose Tetsuya Ohtani Katashi Sugimoto Kazue Hirase Nobuo Shimamoto Tsuyoshi Shimura Natsumi Honda Yasuzumi Fujimori Tohru Mukai 《Marine Biology》2008,153(3):311-317
The fate of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai after death was examined in the southwest Sea of Japan. The density of dead jellyfish was greater than that of live animals.
The dead animals are heavier than the Japan Sea Proper Water which occurs deeper than 200 m, suggesting that dead jellyfish
sink to the sea floor. The sea floor survey, conducted with a towed video tape recorder (VTR) monitoring system between mid
September and mid October, observed a total of 138 jellyfish during 28 of 29 operations. The density of carrion ranged between
0.2 and 5.1 individuals/1,000 m2 (mean ± SE = 1.1 ± 0.2). Ophiuroids occurred abundantly at 23 jellyfish carcasses and a sea anemone was observed attached
to five carcasses. The VTR surveys confirmed that carrion sinks to the sea floor not only during the winter, the normal end
of life for medusae, but also during the fall. A trap survey baited with medusae was also employed, and four different species
were sampled with the traps: the snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio), a shrimp (Pandalopsis japonica), the ivory shell (Buccinum striatissimum) and an ophiuroid (Ophiura sarsii). Much of the trap bait remained (49–68% weight-mean = 60.3%) during the 23 h soak-time, and the reduction in weight was
greater than that observed by bacterial decomposition, suggesting benthic animals consume dead organisms. The present study
indicates that dead N. nomurai sink to the sea floor continuously and were subsequently consumed by benthic scavengers. 相似文献