气相抽提去除红壤中挥发性有机污染物的去污机理探讨

通过探讨土壤气相抽提去除红壤中挥发性有机污染物的去污机理,建立了一维稳态条件下污染物在土壤多孔介质中传质的总微分方程,分别求出了平衡模型和动力学模型的解析解和数值解,并用实验结果对平衡模型和动力学模型进行了模拟和验证.实验结果和模型模拟结果表明理论模型与实验结果吻合良好,平衡模型和动力学模型在描述污染物在土柱通风过程中的传质时,分别适用于不同的阶段.在通风初期平衡模型能够很好地描述实验结果,而随着时间的推移,平衡模型的预测曲线逐渐偏离数据点,到了通风中后期,只有动力学模型才能够较好地描述和预测实验结果.     

Formation of disinfection byproducts from accumulated soluble products of oleaginous microalga after chlorination

When microalgae are simultaneously applied for wastewater treatment and lipid production, soluble algal products (SAP) should be paid much attention, as they are important precursors for formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which have potential risks for human health. Chlorella sp. HQ is an oleaginous microalga that can generate SAP during growth, especially in the exponential phase. This study investigated the contribution of SAP from Chlorella sp. HQ to DBP formation after chlorination. The predominant DBP precursors from SAP were identified with the 3D excitation-emission matrix fluorescence. After chlorination, a significant reduction was observed in the fluorescence intensity of five specific fluorescence regions, particularly aromatic proteins and soluble microbial by-product-like regions, accompanied with slight shifting of the peak. The produced DBPs were demonstrated to include trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. As the algal cultivation time was extended in wastewater, the accumulated SAP strengthened the formation of DBPs. The trend for DBP formation was as follows: chloroform>dichloroacetic acid>trichloroacetic acid.

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超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱结合内标物测定水体中微囊藻毒素

本文建立了超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测定水体中MC-RR和MC-LR的方法,比较了内标的加入对不同水样富集体积下MCs测定准确度的影响.结果表明,以乙腈和水(均含0.1%甲酸)为流动相时,MC-RR和MC-LR在Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱分离柱(2.1 mm×100 mm i.d.粒径1.7μm,孔径130)于4 min内完全分离.经优化质谱参数,选择m/z 519.8>134.3和995.5>134.6分别为MCRR、MC-LR质谱检测的定量离子对.方法学验证表明,在所设定的色谱、质谱参数条件下,UPLC-MS/MS对MC-RR和MC-LR的检出限分别为2.0 ng·L-1和1.0 ng·L-1,定量限分别为为6.0 ng·L-1和3.0 ng·L-1,回收率分别达98.9%—106.5%和98.4%—101.5%.测定太湖梅梁湾水样时,当水体中MCs浓度达到UPLC-MS/MS方法定量限20倍时,可通过加入内标物亮氨酸脑啡肽,实现快速(不经过水样富集)且准确(相对标准偏差<5.0%)的MC-RR与MC-LR测定.     

Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the Tonghui River of Beijing, China

Tonghui River, a typical river in Beijing, People's Republic of China, was studied for its water and sediment quality, by determining the levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 18 organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment samples. Total PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides concentrations in water varied from 192.5 to 2651 ng/l, 31.58-344.9 ng/l and 134.9-3788 ng/l, respectively. The total PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides concentrations in surficial sediments were 127-928 ng/g, 0.78-8.47 ng/g and 1.79-13.98 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The results showed that the concentration of these selected organic pollutants in sediment was higher than those in surface water. It may be due to the fact that organic hydrophobic pollutants tend to stay in the sediments. The PAHs were dominated by 2-, 3-ring components in water samples and by 3- and 4-ring compounds in sediment. For organochlorines, alpha-HCH, delta-HCH, Heptachlor, Endosulfan II, DDT are the major organochlorine pesticides in water while Heptachlor, Dieldrin and DDE composed of 95% of total organochlorine pesticides in sediment. For HCHs (HCHs=alpha-HCH+beta-HCH+gamma-HCH+delta-HCH), the predominance of alpha-HCH of total HCHs were clearly observed in water and sediment. PCB18, PCB31 and PCB52 were predominant in water, on average these compounds collectively accounted for 67% of total PCBs. But in sediment, the predominant compounds were PCB28, PCB31 and PCB153, which accounted for 71% of total PCBs in sediment. The levels of micro pollutants in our study areas were compared with other studies.     

船舶柴油机选择性催化还原积碳臭氧直接氧化再生

为解决船舶柴油机SCR催化剂积碳再生问题,提出了臭氧直接氧化再生的方法。实验用玻璃纤维无胶滤筒采集PM,然后在管式炉中用臭氧氧化滤筒中的PM,研究了温度和臭氧浓度对PM氧化的影响。实验表明,臭氧的最佳氧化温度窗口为200~240℃,PM氧化速度随臭氧浓度提高明显加快,PM氧化率可以达到92%以上。根据实验结果,提出了船舶柴油机SCR积碳O3低温再生技术方案。     

铁镍改性膨润土对废水中有机污染物的吸附性能研究

以钠基膨润土为原料,制备了铁镍无机改性土和铁镍有机复合改性土,并应用于造纸废水的处理,探讨了改性土用量、废水pH值、搅拌时间等因素对COD去除率的影响,通过正交实验对实验条件进行了优化.结果表明:铁镍有机复合改性土和铁镍元机改性土对废水的处理效果明显好于原土;膨润土的用量、废水的pH对COD的去除率影响较大;对于铁镍无机改性土,吸附剂用量为12g/L,溶液pH=2,吸附时间为10 min时,对废水中COD的去除率为54.06%;对于铁镍有机复合改性土,吸附剂用量为14g/L,溶液pH=3,吸附时间为20 min时,对废水中COD的去除率为70.10%.     

大气气溶胶含碳物质基本特征综述

准确界定了气溶胶含碳物质,特别是有机碳和元素碳的基本概念,指出了元素碳与黑碳的异同,总结了有机碳和元素碳的排放源,以及二次有机碳的经验公式.阐述了有机碳、元素碳对全球气候、大气化学过程及人体健康带来的危害及机理.归纳了气溶胶中有机碳、元素碳组分的空间分布特征、时间变化特征.概述了国内气溶胶有机碳、元素碳的研究状况,指出国内相关研究重点和趋势.     

汉江流域水污染现状及污染源调查

评价了汉江流域水质污染现状：汉江流域干流水质好于支流,从上游至下游污染状况逐渐上升,主要污染物为COD、TP、NH3-N,污染特征为有机污染型。对汉江流域污染源进行了调查：汉江流域面源污染大于点源,排放负荷较大的是农业地表径流、城镇生活污水、畜禽养殖。     

广州大学城大气PM2.5量浓度与影响因素

选择广州大学城代表性学生宿舍、教室、食堂等多个室内采样点及几个室外采样点,准确测定各采样点大气中PM25的质量浓度,分析各室内和室外采样点大气中PM25污染程度及分布特征;根据同步记录的气象数据,分析评价气象因子对大气PM25质量浓度的影响.     

贵阳城市污水及南明河中氯霉素和四环素类抗生素的特征

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱（UV检测）分析了贵阳城市污水、南明河水和沉积物中氯霉素和四环素类抗生素的特征.结果显示,南北两岸污水中氯霉素、土霉素、四环素和金霉素的平均含量分别为27.0、 2.3、 11.0、 1.1 μg·L^-1和21.2、 2.1、 9.5、 0.5 μg·L^-1,其中以氯霉素的污染为主;污水中抗生素的含量呈现明显的季节变化,这与用水量和疾病特点有关.南明河已广泛受到包括农业、养鱼塘、城市污水等来源的抗生素污染,其中城市污水是最重要的来源,受其影响,污水口下游的抗生素污染尤为严重.河水中氯霉素、土霉素和四环素在冬季的含量范围分别在2.1～19.0、ND～3.0、 0.8～6.8 μg·L^-1之间,夏季分别在0.2～1.3、ND～0.03、 0.2～0.3 μg·L^-1之间,金霉素只在冬季检出,含量范围在0.09～0.14 μg·L^-1之间;沉积物中4种抗生素在冬季的平均含量分别为147.6、 76.6、 99.2和1.6 μg·kg^-1;在夏季分别为195.8、 89.1、 34.4和9.0 μg·kg^-1.数据表明,河水中抗生素的含量受河水流量及来源特点的影响很大,冬季河水中抗生素的含量明显高于夏季;沉积物中抗生素的季节变化不明显.