Effect of surfactants at low concentrations on the sorption of atrazine by natural sediment.

A series of experiments were carried out to determine the effect of surfactants at low concentrations on the sorption of atrazine by natural sediments. With surfactant concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mg/ L, anionic and cationic surfactants appreciably reduce the adsorption of atrazine, while nonionic surfactant decreases the adsorption of atrazine at concentrations equal to or less than 1 mg/L and increases adsorption at higher concentrations. Desorption of atrazine in the presence of different sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) concentrations shows that a portion of the bound pesticide resists desorption in the SDBS free system. However, the addition of SDBS accelerates the desorption of atrazine. Furthermore, the nature of sediment and the contacting sequence of SDBS, at 10 mg/L, with the sediment, also influence the adsorption of atrazine. The conclusions in this study could be explained partially by the effect of the type and concentration of surfactants and the characteristics of sediments.     

Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the Tonghui River of Beijing, China

Tonghui River, a typical river in Beijing, People's Republic of China, was studied for its water and sediment quality, by determining the levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 18 organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment samples. Total PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides concentrations in water varied from 192.5 to 2651 ng/l, 31.58-344.9 ng/l and 134.9-3788 ng/l, respectively. The total PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides concentrations in surficial sediments were 127-928 ng/g, 0.78-8.47 ng/g and 1.79-13.98 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The results showed that the concentration of these selected organic pollutants in sediment was higher than those in surface water. It may be due to the fact that organic hydrophobic pollutants tend to stay in the sediments. The PAHs were dominated by 2-, 3-ring components in water samples and by 3- and 4-ring compounds in sediment. For organochlorines, alpha-HCH, delta-HCH, Heptachlor, Endosulfan II, DDT are the major organochlorine pesticides in water while Heptachlor, Dieldrin and DDE composed of 95% of total organochlorine pesticides in sediment. For HCHs (HCHs=alpha-HCH+beta-HCH+gamma-HCH+delta-HCH), the predominance of alpha-HCH of total HCHs were clearly observed in water and sediment. PCB18, PCB31 and PCB52 were predominant in water, on average these compounds collectively accounted for 67% of total PCBs. But in sediment, the predominant compounds were PCB28, PCB31 and PCB153, which accounted for 71% of total PCBs in sediment. The levels of micro pollutants in our study areas were compared with other studies.     

大气气溶胶含碳物质基本特征综述

准确界定了气溶胶含碳物质,特别是有机碳和元素碳的基本概念,指出了元素碳与黑碳的异同,总结了有机碳和元素碳的排放源,以及二次有机碳的经验公式.阐述了有机碳、元素碳对全球气候、大气化学过程及人体健康带来的危害及机理.归纳了气溶胶中有机碳、元素碳组分的空间分布特征、时间变化特征.概述了国内气溶胶有机碳、元素碳的研究状况,指出国内相关研究重点和趋势.     

巢湖蓝藻酸提取液提高玉米秸秆的酶解效率

资源化利用是避免富营养化水体打捞得到的蓝藻二次污染的有效方法途径。本研究以巢湖蓝藻为例,利用稀硫酸处理得到酸提取液并将其用于玉米秸秆的酶解过程。以主要成分还原糖和蛋白质的提取量为目标,优化了稀硫酸处理条件(处理时间、温度和硫酸浓度)。结果表明,从巢湖蓝藻提取还原糖的效率随着处理温度和硫酸浓度的升高而升高。在处理温度为125℃,处理时间为2 h,稀硫酸浓度为5%时,提取的还原糖最多为(152.8±12.6)mg/g。稀硫酸处理条件对蛋白质的提取效果影响并不显著。在处理温度为105℃,处理时间为1 h,稀硫酸浓度为5%时,最大提取量为(1.55±0.00)mg/g。提取的藻液中和后可以用于玉米秸秆的酶解过程,同对照相比酶解效率能够提升10%左右。结果表明,藻液中的小分子物质和钙离子是主要的作用组分,推测其和木质素表面官能团结合,从而降低了木质素对纤维素酶的非再生吸附。     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area during and after its construction

A survey concerning the concentration of the nutrients in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was carried out. This paper presents the parameters(NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, KjeldahI-N, non-ionic ammonia, P-PO4 and TP)determined at 16 sampling sites from 1997 to 1999. The dominant soluble nitrogen form was NO3^- -N followed by KjeldahI-N, NO2^- -N and non-ionic ammonia. Mean values of NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, Kjeldahl-N and non-ionic ammonia ranged from 0.50 to 2.37 mg/L, 0.022 to 0.084 mg/L, 0.33 to 0.99 mg/L and 0.007 to 0.092 mg/L respectively.Mean values of P-PO4 at most sampling sites were higher than 0.1 mg/L for subject to eutrophication. The major factors influencing the concentrations of N and P might be agricultural runoff, municipal and industrial effluents. In addition, 6 kinds of soil were sampled at the area where would inundated after the dam completed. Two approaches were adopted to simulate the N and P release from the inundated soils. The results showed that the soils would release nitrogen and phosphorus to the overlying water when the soils were inundated. The characteristics of soil affected the equilibrium concentrations of N and P between the soil and the overlying water.     

Rapid treatment of atrazine-contaminated water by nickel/iron bimetallic system

The utility of nickel/iron in the remediation of atraz.ine-contaminated water was investigated. The experimental results showed that nickel/iron had effective catalytic activity in dechlorinating atraz.ine under acidic conditions. The dechlonnation reaction approximately followed the first-order kinetics under the experimental conditions( nickel/iron: 1.0 g/250 ml: Ca~r~ = 20.0 mg/L), the reaction rate increased with decreasing pH value of the reaction solution and increasing the proportion of Ni: Fe within 2.95 %. For condition with 2.95% nickel/iron, the reaction rate constants were 0.07518( R = 0.9927), 0.06212( R = 0.9846) and 0.00131 min^-1 ( R = 0.9.565) at pH = 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0, respectively. HPLC analysis was used to monitor the decline of atraz.ine concentration.     

Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during heating season in Beijing

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and their nitrated derivatives(NPAHs) attract continuous attention due to their outstanding carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In order to investigate the diurnal variations, sources, formation mechanism, and health risk assessment of them in heating season, particulate matter(PM) were collected in Beijing urban area from December 26, 2017 to January 17, 2018. PAHs and NPAHs in PM were quantitatively analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). ...     

生物质燃烧对东南亚及中国南方对流层臭氧含量影响的模拟研究

利用区域气候和大气化学模式系统,对2000年春季生物质燃烧排放影响东南亚及中国南部地区对流层臭氧含量进行模拟研究.结果表明,春季东南亚和南亚的生物质燃烧不仅影响源区对流层臭氧含量,而且对处于环流下游的中国南部地区也有显著作用;燃烧源区主要影响对流层低层,下游地区则影响对流层中低层.在源区引起的对流层臭氧总浓度增加达2.1×10^-1g/m²,对下游的中国南部地区增加量为9.0～12.0×10^-2g/m²;源区大气低层1000～900hPa的臭氧含量可增加36×10^-9m³/m³ 以上,而在中国南部750～700hPa高度上空的增加达15×10^-9m³/m³.     

高效纤维素分解菌在蔬菜-花卉秸秆联合好氧堆肥中的应用

以滇池流域典型的蔬菜废物和花卉秸秆为堆肥原料,以本实验室筛选、保存的17株纤维素降解菌和1株购买的产黄纤维单胞菌(Cellulomonas Flavigena)为复合接种剂,对不同接种条件和控温条件下的联合堆肥中试进行了研究.实验结果表明,在一次发酵的初始阶段,以体积分数0.5%的接种量向堆肥中接种纤维素降解复合菌剂可有效提高发酵过程堆料中纤维素降解菌的种群密度,并使其迅速成为优势菌群,尤其是当堆体处于控温55℃的工况条件时,其菌群密度可保持在3.84×10⁹～1.80×10¹⁰CFU/g;在二次发酵的初始阶段,以体积分数1%的接种量接种,可有效提高二次发酵阶段堆温的回升.对堆料中木质素和纤维素含量以及堆肥终产物的粒径分布指标--过筛率的检测表明,接种的复合纤维素降解菌可有效地降解堆料中的木质纤维素,接种处理中纤维素的降解率比不接种处理高23.64%,接种处理堆肥终产物的过筛率(2.0 cm)比不接种处理高18.28%.研究表明,用纤维素降解复合菌剂进行二次接种二次发酵,能够有效地促进蔬菜-花卉秸秆联合好氧堆肥中物料的纤维素组分的降解,达到加快堆肥进程,提高堆肥品质的目的.     

Method of pollution sources assessment in relation to residential site selection

Much investigation supports a high incidence of disease and death rates when people live in ambient polluted air for a long time. Thus, the location of residential sites is important from a public health viewpoint. The method outlined in this paper is useful for determining the location of residential sites based on pollution sources assessment.