变电站倒闸操作风险分析与控制

分析了变电站倒闸操作过程的风险及造成操作失误的原因,从运行值班人员的管理、安全工具的使用、关键点控制和事故应急处理等方面,提出倒闸操作风险的控制措施,以防范事故的发生,确保变电站的安全运行。     

环境风险评价研究进展

环境风险评价是环境管理决策过程的重要组成部分,更是社会经济可持续发展的需要,也是环境科学发展的必然结果。经过几十年的发展,环境风险评价的科学理论体系已基本形成。主要介绍了环境风险评价的相关概念和发展情况,包括环境风险评价的研究内容、一般程序和评价方法,讨论了环境风险评价中的不确定性问题,给出了处理不确定性问题的两种方法-概率论和模糊理论,最后,在此基础上提出加强应用研究,以及多学科交叉和不确定性研究是今后环境风险评价的重要发展方向。     

钢铁企业节水评价指标体系的构建

针对中国钢铁行业尚未建立节水评价指标体系的现状,在广泛查阅资料的基础上,遵循科学合理性、目标导向性、实用性和可比性的原则,构建了钢铁企业节水评价指标体系。指标体系的建立使钢铁企业的节水成效具有横向和纵向可比性,有利于调动企业的节水积极性,促进节水技术的发展和推广,为钢铁企业开展节水工作指明目标和方向。     

罗尔斯顿的环境伦理学——生态系统中的自然关系

生态系统是作为一种整体而存在的,这个整体是独立的,自在的。作为整体,它是高于有机体个体的。其整体,又是有机体存在的外部环境和条件。但生态系统的存在,又是非意识化的,生态系统在自身的进化过程中,不具有明确的进化目的性,而只是一种随机进化的过程。正是这种随机性,才孕育出了生物及有机体的多样性,生态系统表面上的杂乱是出自于一种和谐,生态系统是一种松散的共同体式有机体秩序。     

高密度沉淀池技术概述

高密度沉淀池(Densadeg)以其结构紧凑、处理效率高、出水水质稳定等特点,越来越多地被应用于城市污水一级强化处理和深度处理。本文主要介绍了高密度沉淀池的三种基本类型,重点阐述了RL型高密度沉淀池的工作原理及组成,以及污泥外部循环系统、高效斜板设置的特点;同时介绍了Densadeg的另一种运行方式:超高速沉淀池(ACTIFLO工艺),展望了高密度沉淀池的应用前景。     

抚顺市大气重金属污染的植物监测与分析研究

采用生物富集原理,利用松针对抚顺地区大气中重金属元素的分布情况进行了监测与分析,结果表明:抚顺地区三种不同的松树对不同金属元素的富集能力是不同的,总体上看沙松的富集能力略高于油松和落叶松;工业区、交通干道和居民区松针中富集的金属含量高于农村地区;从不同的海拔高度上来看,在500米以下的低空大气中金属元素的分布量比高海拔地区高;不同金属元素间存在一定的相关关系。     

湖南省山洪灾害经济损失评价

山洪灾害是湖南省山丘区经济可持续发展的重要制约因素。文章采用山洪灾害经济损失的不稳定度Us和灾害直接经济损失占应得GDP百分比的平均数Cr,构建了湖南省山丘区山洪灾害灾损度指数DELI。研究表明,Us高值区和Cr高值区在空间上明显错位,前者为湘西自治州、怀化、张家界、郴州等,后者是张家界、娄底、邵阳等。根据DELI等级...     

Joint effects of Penta-BDE and heavy metals on Daphnia magna survival, its antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation

The joint toxicity of Penta-BDE (Pe-BDE) and heavy metals including cadmium and copper on Daphnia magna (D. magna) was evaluated on the basis of determining the 48 h survival, antioxidative enzyme responses, and lipid peroxidation. The response was classified as additive, greater than additive, or less than additive by comparing the measured “toxic units, TU” with one. Based on the survival of D. magna, less-than-additive interactions were found in most of mixtures treatments. This may be attributed to the different toxicity mechanism between Pe-BDE and metals. Cu and Cd played a greater role in toxicity than what Pe-BDE did. As for the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, most response was less than additive. For the glutathione S-transferases (GST) activity, most of the greater-thanadditive responses were found in the Cu plus Pe-BDE treatments, but the additive responses occurred in Cd plus Pe-BDE treatments and binary metal treatments. For lipid peroxide levels, which were measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, less-than-additive response occurred in the 50% Cd plus 50% Cu and ternary mixture treatments. Results suggested that Pe-BDE, Cd, and Cu could induce different patterns of antioxidant enzyme responses, such as antioxidant/prooxidant responses, depending on their capability to produce reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes to detoxify them.     

Temporal dimension and water quality control in an emission trading scheme based on water environmental functional zone

Emission trading is one of the most effective alternatives to controlling water pollution. Water environmental functional zone (WEFZ) is used to determine the water quality standard and identify the zone boundary for each river or reach. In this study, a new emission trading scheme was addressed based on WEFZ, accounting for both the temporal dimension and water quality control. A temporal factor of emission trading was proposed based on variations in the environmental capacity within a year by dividing the year into three periods, including high, normal, and low periods of environmental capacity. During each period, emission trading was implemented exclusively. A water quality-control scheme was suggested based on the water quality requirement in the water functional zone, in which the water quality at the downstream boundary of the zone was required to meet the water standard following auto-purification in the stream. Two methods of calculating water quality control are addressed for point-source pollution and non-point-source pollution. The calculated temporal dimension and water quality control were located in Dongxi River of the Daning Watershed in the Three Gorges Watershed. The high period was during June, July, and August, the normal period was during April, May, September, and October, and the low period was during January, February, March, November, and December. The results from the water quality calculation demonstrated that the discharge of point-source and non-point-source pollutions led to an excess of common contaminants at the downstream boundary of WEFZ. The temporal and spatial factors above should be incorporated into the emission trading scheme based on WEFZ.     

基于VB和SQL的城市交通大气污染扩散模拟系统研究

针对越来越严重的机动车尾气排放造成的城市大气污染,为将已经得到验证的大气污染扩散模型开发成具有实用价值的操作模拟系统,以太原市为例,基于VB+SQL技术,结合 OSPM、Caline 4以及十字路口模型,设计并建立了城市交通大气污染扩散模拟系统关系数据库,研发了针对街道峡谷,城市快速道以及十字路口这3个热点区域的污染物扩散模拟系统.以CO为例,通过现场监测数据和系统模拟数据的对比,对系统的可行性及适用性进行了验证,同时对太原市建成区主要道路的交通污染物CO进行了模拟.结果表明:(1)该系统能较好地模拟城市机动车尾气排放污染扩散;(2)从太原市交通大气污染的分布来看,CO浓度冬季高于夏季,市中心区主干路及建设路的CO污染较其他路段严重.