洪湖、梁子湖水体富营养化研究

2015年3月对洪湖、梁子湖进行了水质监测。依据实测数据,结合洪湖湿地自然保护区和梁子湖林业局监测数据和文献数据,采用综合营养状态指数法对洪湖、梁子湖的富营养化状态进行评价;并根据各因子在综合营养状态指数中所占比重和地表水水质标准,对各因子做了比较。结果表明:洪湖、梁子湖综合营养状态指数分别为57.2、42.5。即洪湖为轻度富营养、梁子湖为中营养;各因子对洪湖、梁子湖富营养化的贡献大致相同,即Chla为首,TP、COD_(Mn)和SD次之、TN最后。     

海水中Cu2+和Cr3+对PFOS在沉积物上吸附行为的影响规律

为了解重金属与全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)共存情况下,PFOS在沉积物上的吸附规律,本研究分别测定了在海水和淡水条件下添加不同浓度的Cu2+和Cr3+(0.5~50 mM)后,PFOS在沉积物上的吸附行为。结果表明,随着[Cu2+]的增加,PFOS在沉积物上的吸附能力和非线性均增强,且当溶液中PFOS浓度越低,增强作用越明显。与淡水相比,海水环境下该增强作用更为明显。随着[Cr3+]的增加,PFOS在沉积物上的吸附能力和非线性略有增强,且海水和淡水环境中增强作用几乎相同。对比发现,海水中Cu2+对PFOS在沉积物上的吸附增强效应比Cr3+更加明显。本文研究结果将有助于定量了解和预测PFOS和重金属复合污染情况下,PFOS在海水环境中的迁移规律,并为科学评价海洋环境中PFOS和重金属的生态风险及其总量控制提供技术支撑。     

优化热脱附技术对十溴联苯醚污染土壤的适用性及修复效果

为了探索绿色、高效、环保的修复PBDEs污染土壤的技术,在热脱附技术基础上将木炭同时作为尾气吸附剂和燃烧热源,处理不同十溴联苯醚污染水平的PBDEs(多溴联苯醚)污染土壤,通过14种不同溴代PBDEs同系物分析十溴联苯醚的降解产物组分并计算其去除率. 结果表明:在热脱附技术处理后,十溴联苯醚初始污染水平分别为500、800和1 000 μg/kg,污染土壤中PBDEs的去除率分别为63%、81%、94%. 14种不同溴代PBDEs同系物在热脱附反应后的残留产物中均有检出,其中热脱附处理后的土壤中以三溴和四溴PBDEs产物占优势,而尾气中则以四溴和五溴PBDEs产物为主. 根据热脱附试验前后土壤中PBDEs的结构组成对比及分析可知,降解和脱溴反应在整个热脱附反应过程中发挥了重要作用. 另外,XAD树脂吸附柱中虽有少量的氯代和溴代二英类物质(PCDD/Fs和PBDD/Fs)被检出,但其毒性当量浓度均小于0.1 ng/m3,符合欧盟、日本及我国所规定的二英物质排放标准. 研究显示,在利用优化的热脱附技术修复十溴联苯醚污染土壤过程中,PBDEs的去除率与污染土壤中其污染水平相关,并且热脱附过程以降解及逐级脱溴反应为主.      

河北省PM2.5污染变化特征及暴露人群健康效应评估研究

PM2.5污染是影响中国城市居民健康和形成雾霾天气的重要原因之一,也是河北省健康发展的一个制约因素.采用环境污染流行病研究为基础的暴露-反应关系估算了2014年和2015年全省因PM2.5污染的居民早逝和罹患相关疾病住院的人数,并利用国家和河北省卫生统计数据,估算出人均人力资源价值和人均住院成本,计算出总经济损失.结果表明,河北省各市的PM2.5年均浓度呈下降趋势,因此,继续坚持有效的大气污染控制和应急健康防护措施,仍然是今后环保工作的重中之重.     

陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)主要化学组分特征

通过对陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)采样分析,获得PM_(2.5)质量浓度及主要化学组分特征。PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为89.5±42.0μg·m~(-3),超过国家二级标准。观测期间PM_(2.5)中OC、EC浓度平均值分别为16.0±6.9μg·m~(-3)和5.7±3.2μg·m~(-3),OC/EC平均比值为3.0±0.4。主要水溶性离子组分为NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+。粒子数浓度与表面积浓度峰值主要集中在0.5μm以下粒径段。PAHs、BeP和BaP平均质量浓度分别为48.9±10.9 ng·m~(-3)、3.0±0.9 ng·m~(-3)和1.2±0.7 ng·m~(-3),PAHs污染较严重,强致癌物BaP浓度超过国家环境空气质量标准年平均浓度限值。当地农村以石煤为主的能源结构及采用的燃烧方式是导致污染的重要因素。     

一株耐盐石油降解菌的鉴定及低能N~+注入诱变

通过分离、初筛和复筛从盐渍化石油污染土壤中分离出一株高效耐盐的石油降解菌株YJ-8,经形态学、生理生化和16S rRNA序列分析,该菌株被鉴定为粘质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens,其石油烃的降解率为64%。耐盐性实验结果表明,该菌可在NaCl浓度为50 g/L的培养基中生长。为进一步增强该菌株耐受高浓度NaCl和降解石油烃的能力,采用低能N~+注入技术对其进行诱变,最终获得1株遗传性能稳定的突变株。该突变株在原油发酵液中可将表面张力降至27.5 mN/m,石油烃的降解效率为74%,可耐受80 g/L浓度的NaCl。作为一株耐盐的石油烃高效降解菌,该菌在石油污染的盐渍化土壤修复中具有广阔的应用前景。     

How China’s current energy pricing mechanisms will impact its marginal carbon abatement costs?

Economic and social costs and benefits are critical factors affecting greenhouse gas abatement activities. Recognizing that energy prices are one of the most important factors influencing abatement costs, this study improved the basic China Energy and Environmental Policy Analysis (CEEPA) model by introducing a current energy pricing mechanism for China. The improved model was applied to generate marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves for China including the current energy pricing mechanism and to analyze MACs for the whole country and main abatement sectors in China under different energy pricing mechanisms. The results show that China MACs are sensitive to pricing mechanisms for electricity and refined oil. Ignoring the current regulation of these prices will lead to MAC underestimation, and price liberalization of these two energy sources could lead to a decrease in China MACs. Under a 50 % emission reduction target, if the electricity price regulation is ignored, the China MAC is underestimated by almost 16 %. Energy pricing reforms will lead to variations in sectoral abatement costs and overall abatement potential, and these impacts are projected to be large in the electricity sector. Under a 50 % reduction target, if the electricity price regulation is liberalized, MAC for the electricity sector nearly will decrease 50 %.     

梁子湖沉积物营养盐的空间分布特征及其污染评价

采集梁子湖柱状沉积物,分析其硝氮、亚硝氮、氨氮、总氮和总磷的空间分布特征,并评价其污染程度.结果表明:梁子湖表层沉积物(0~5 cm)总氮、总磷、氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮的含量范围依次为598~1372 mg·kg~(-1)、323~804 mg·kg~(-1)、60.7~142 mg·kg~(-1)、4.16~31.6 mg·kg~(-1)和0.001~2.29 mg·kg~(-1).湖心区营养盐含量较低,湖区西部营养盐含量高于湖区东南部.人类活动和污染物输入强度对梁子湖表层沉积物营养盐的空间分布特征有较大影响.沉积物硝氮、亚硝氮含量从深层到浅层递增,在2~3 cm处达到峰值,这表明梁子湖流域在该沉积时期的营养物污染较为严重.沉积物5~10 cm深度的氨氮含量为各深度中的最高值,但因水生生物对氨氮的优先吸收作用,其含量均在150 mg·kg~(-1)以下.同一区域的沉积物总氮、总磷含量的垂向变化特征相似,来自地壳释放的磷使得总磷含量的垂向波动幅度远大于总氮,这揭示了梁子湖沉积物中氮、磷的富集很可能来自同源污染物.该流域发达的水产养殖业是导致沉积物中氮、磷富集的原因之一.表层沉积物总氮和总磷的标准指数变化范围分别为1.09~2.49和0.54~1.34,梁子湖环境质量受到氮素的影响更为严重.湖区表层沉积物总氮、总磷的含量范围分别为598~1372 mg·kg~(-1)和323~804 mg·kg~(-1),均已超出我国东部浅水湖泊沉积物的营养物阈值参考范围,对湖泊生态系统构成了一定的威胁,需要格外关注.     

Comparison of using polyurethane foam passive samplers and tree bark samples from Western China to determine atmospheric organochlorine pesticide

Polyurethane foam(PUF)passive samplers were deployed and tree bark samples were collected at 15 sites across western China in 2013,and the organochlorine pesticide(OCP)concentrations in the samples were determined.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its degradation products(collectively called DDTs),hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs),and hexachlorobenzene(HCB)were the dominant OCPs in the PUF samples and tree bark samples.The mean DDTs,HCHs and HCB concentrations were 33,22 and 18 ng/sample in the PUF samples,and 428,74,and 43 ng/(g lipid weight(lw))in the tree bark,respectively.The OCP concentrations in the air,calculated using PUF–air and tree-bark–air partitioning models,were of the same order of magnitude.Both sample types showed that relatively fresh inputs of DDT and HCHs to the environment have occurred in western China.Meanwhile,PUF passive samplers were compared with the use of tree bark samples as passive samplers.The OCP compositions in the PUF and tree bark samples were different.Only the relatively stable OCPs(such as HCB,β-HCH and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloro-ethylene(DDE))were consistent in the PUF and tree bark samples.     

Sources, chemistry, impacts and regulations of complex air pollution: Preface

正Clean air is essential to people's health and that of the environment.Since the industrial revolution,however,the quality of the air that people breathe has deteriorated considerably—mainly as a result of human activities.Rising industrial and energy production,the burning of fossil fuels and the dramatic rise in traffic all contribute to air pollution in our cities which,in turn,can lead to serious health problems for instance