一株高效脱硫菌的分离鉴定和脱硫特性研究

从污水净化厂二沉池回流污泥中分离到一株硫杆菌菌株dj-5,该菌株是一种兼性厌氧菌,通过生理生化特性鉴定,并结合16S rDNA序列分析及鉴定,该菌株可以确定为脱氮硫杆菌（Thiobacillus denitrificans）。该菌株的生长曲线表明菌体生长迅速,延滞期约为8 h,然后细菌进入对数生长期,这一阶段持续时间大约20～24 h,稳定期较短,细菌很快进入衰亡期。通过脱硫工艺实验考察了pH值、温度和搅拌速度对脱硫率和菌体生长的影响,结果表明,在进气量180 L/h、pH=6～8、温度为25～35℃和搅拌速度为270 r/min时,该菌株能正常生长,对进气浓度高达2 500 mg/m³的硫化氢脱除率在91%以上。     

电解锰生产废水处理及综合利用

电解锰生产过程中,需要使用水进行冷却、清洗等,因此水资源消耗量大,同时产生大量的废水,对环境保护造成极大的压力。根据清洁生产的理念,探讨电解锰生产废水处理及综合利用的有效途径,从而实现水资源利用价值的最大化。     

负载V2O5-WO3／TiO2掺炭纤维脱除烟气中Hg^0

通过固定床实验系统研究烟气脱除零价汞的实验,首先研究了滤袋常用的聚苯硫醚（polyphenylene sulfide,PPS）以及活性炭纤维（activated carbon fiber,ACF）在不同温度、不同气体组分下负载V2O5-WO3／TiO2催化剂,对模拟燃煤烟气中零价汞（Hg^0）的脱除效果。然后对比研究了活性炭纤维协同滤袋常用纤维负载催化剂后,对模拟燃煤烟气中Hg^0的脱除性能。结果表明,在汞蒸气人口浓度为50μg／m^3,纯N2气氛下,当温度为25℃时,两者脱除率均能达到99％,当温度为200℃,负载催化剂的活性炭纤维脱除率在30％左右,PPS纤维仅为10％左右。在200℃情况下,模拟烟气的组分为N2＋O2时,2种纤维的Hg^0脱除率提高了10％～20％,当在混合气体中添加0．01％。后,负载催化剂的PPS纤维Hg^0脱除率能达到80％,活性炭纤维Hg^0脱除率能达到98％。当温度为200℃,模拟烟气的组分为N2＋O2＋HCl时,不同性能掺炭纤维负载催化剂后Hg^0脱除率在69％～95％范围之间变化,其中PPS掺炭纤维对Hg^0脱除效率最高达到95％,因此,负载V2O5-WO3／TiO2催化剂的PPS掺炭纤维能在高温烟气中保持较高的Hg^0脱除率。     

飞灰-氢氧化钙/聚苯硫醚(PPS)滤料对烟气中单质汞的脱除

在汞固定床实验台上进行了飞灰-氢氧化钙和PPS滤料负载飞灰-氢氧化钙吸附单质汞,以及不同温度、气体成分对滤料负载吸附剂脱除汞影响的实验研究。实验结果表明,质量配比为2∶1的飞灰-Ca(OH)2吸附剂对Hg0的脱除效果最好,最高可达到34.5%左右,比纯飞灰条件下的脱除效率提高了近10%。120℃条件下,PPS滤料负载飞灰-Ca(OH)2吸附剂对汞的脱除率最高达72%,远高于滤纸薄膜上吸附剂的脱除率。随着温度升高,PPS滤料负载吸附剂的脱除效率降低。HCl、SO2和NO对PPS负载吸附剂脱除汞表现出不同程度的促进作用,HCl具有很强的促进作用,少量HCl足以大幅度提高脱除效果,SO2有一定的促进作用,NO的促进效果并不明显。     

负载V2O5-WO3/TiO2掺炭纤维脱除烟气中Hg0

通过固定床实验系统研究烟气脱除零价汞的实验,首先研究了滤袋常用的聚苯硫醚（polyphenylene sulfide,PPS）以及活性炭纤维（activated carbon fiber,ACF）在不同温度、不同气体组分下负载V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂,对模拟燃煤烟气中零价汞（Hg⁰）的脱除效果。然后对比研究了活性炭纤维协同滤袋常用纤维负载催化剂后,对模拟燃煤烟气中Hg⁰的脱除性能。结果表明,在汞蒸气入口浓度为50 μg/m³,纯N₂气氛下,当温度为25℃时,两者脱除率均能达到99%,当温度为200℃,负载催化剂的活性炭纤维脱除率在30%左右,PPS纤维仅为10%左右。在200℃情况下,模拟烟气的组分为N₂+O₂时,2种纤维的Hg⁰脱除率提高了10%~20%,当在混合气体中添加0.01‰后,负载催化剂的PPS纤维Hg⁰脱除率能达到80%,活性炭纤维Hg⁰脱除率能达到98%。当温度为200℃,模拟烟气的组分为N₂+O₂+HCl时,不同性能掺炭纤维负载催化剂后Hg⁰脱除率在69%~95%范围之间变化,其中PPS掺炭纤维对Hg⁰脱除效率最高达到95%,因此,负载V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂的PPS掺炭纤维能在高温烟气中保持较高的Hg⁰脱除率。     

Trade-off between water pollution prevention,agriculture profit,and farmer practice—an optimization methodology for discussion on land-use adjustment in China

Agricultural decision-making to control nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution may not be efficiently implemented, if there is no appropriate cost-benefit analysis on agricultural management practices. This paper presents an interval-fuzzy linear programming (IFLP) model to deal with the trade-off between agricultural revenue, NPS pollution control, and alternative practices through land adjustment for Wuchuan catchment, a typical agricultural area in Jiulong River watershed, Fujian Province of China. From the results, the lower combination of practice 1, practice 2, practice 3, and practice 7 with the land area of 12.6, 5.2, 145.2, and 85.3 hm², respectively, could reduce NPS pollution load by 10 %. The combination yields an income of 98,580 Chinese Yuan/a. If the pollution reduction is 15 %, the higher combination need practice 1, practice 2, practice 3, practice 5, and practice 7 with the land area of 54.4, 23.6, 18.0, 6.3, and 85.3 hm², respectively. The income of this combination is 915,170 Chinese Yuan/a. The sensitivity analysis of IFLP indicates that the cost-effective practices are ranked as follows: practice 7 > practice 2 > practice 1 > practice 5 > practice 3 > practice 6 > practice 4. In addition, the uncertainties in the agriculture NPS pollution control system could be effectively quantified by the IFLP model. Furthermore, to accomplish a reasonable and applicable project of land-use adjustment, decision-makers could also integrate above solutions with their own experience and other information.     

密云水库入库河流沉积物中重金属形态分析及风险评价

研究了北京市密云水库入库河流潮白河水系沉积物中重金属的总量及形态分布特征,采用风险评价准则法（RAC）和Tucker3 模型探讨沉积物中重金属的潜在危害性.结果表明,Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、V、Zn的平均含量均超过北京市土壤背景值,呈现一定的富集.形态分析表明,Cu的残渣态含量占总量的72%,其次为有机结合态,占22%;Mn的残渣态含量占总量的62%,铁锰氧化物结合态占23%,碳酸盐结合态占10%;Ni的残渣态含量占总量的73%,铁锰氧化物结合态占13%,有机结合态占11%;Pb、Cd、V、Zn均以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态为主,含量占总量的90%以上.Ti、Cr则以残渣态为主要形态.RAC评价结果显示,Cr、V、Ti对环境无风险,Ni处于无风险到低风险级,Cu处于低风险级,Cd、Pb、Mn处于低风险到中等风险级.研究结果将为北京市水源保护、人体健康安全保护措施的制定提供科学依据.     

华北农村夏季大气甲醛浓度变化特征

为研究华北农村大气污染状况,于2013年夏季和2014年夏季先后在华北两个农村站点——固城站、饶阳站,采用基于汉栖(Hantzsch)反应的在线甲醛荧光分析仪开展大气甲醛在线观测,结合同期φ(O₃)、φ(PAN)(PAN为过氧乙酰硝酸酯)、φ(CO)和光解速率系数等数据,分析φ(甲醛)日变化及其光解速率等特征. 结果表明:华北农村夏季大气甲醛污染较重. 固城站和饶阳站φ(甲醛)分钟均值范围分别为0.05×10-9 ~59.18 ×10-9和1.66×10-9 ~ 46.83×10-9,平均值分别为12.82×10-9±7.59×10-9和13.73×10-9±5.82×10-9,高于文献报道的国内外其他地区的观测值,与同期观测的φ(NO_x)相当. 两个站点φ(甲醛)具有典型的日变化特征,φ(甲醛)小时均值峰值(固城站为17.43×10-9,饶阳站为17.57×10-9)均出现在上午10:00左右,与φ(O₃)和φ(PAN)的日变化趋势相似,但峰值早1 h出现. 光解速率系数观测结果表明,两个站点甲醛光解过程主要发生在06:00—18:00,固城站甲醛小时光解量峰值(2.59×10-9)出现在11:00,饶阳站甲醛小时光解量于正午12:00达到峰值(3.00×10-9),甲醛光解成稳定分子的速率是光解成自由基速率的1.2~1.7倍. 研究表明,两个站点φ(甲醛)的变化主要受局地过程的影响,光化学生成是甲醛的重要来源.      

Distribution, speciation, and risk assessment of selected metals in the gold and iron mine soils of the catchment area of Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China

In order to investigate the metal distribution, speciation, correlation and origin, risk assessment, 86 surface soil samples from the catchment area around the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, including samples from gold and iron mine areas, were monitored for fractions of heavy metal and total contents. Most of the metal concentrations in the gold and iron mine soil samples exceeded the metal background levels in Beijing. The contents of most elements in the gold mine tailings were noticeably higher than those in the iron mine tailings. Geochemical speciation data of the metals showed that the residual fraction dominated most of the heavy metals in both mines. In both mine areas, Mn had the greatest the acid-soluble fraction (F1) per portion. The high secondary-phase fraction portion of Cd in gold mine samples indicated that there was a direct potential hazard to organisms in the tested areas. Multivariate analysis coupled with the contents of selected metals, showed that Hg, Pb, Cr, and Ni in gold mine areas represented anthropogenic sources; Cd, Pb, and Cr in iron mine areas represented industrial sources. There was moderate to high contamination of a few metals in the gold and iron soil samples, the contamination levels were relatively higher in gold mine than in iron mine soils.