负载V2O5-WO3/TiO2掺炭纤维脱除烟气中Hg0

通过固定床实验系统研究烟气脱除零价汞的实验,首先研究了滤袋常用的聚苯硫醚（polyphenylene sulfide,PPS）以及活性炭纤维（activated carbon fiber,ACF）在不同温度、不同气体组分下负载V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂,对模拟燃煤烟气中零价汞（Hg⁰）的脱除效果。然后对比研究了活性炭纤维协同滤袋常用纤维负载催化剂后,对模拟燃煤烟气中Hg⁰的脱除性能。结果表明,在汞蒸气入口浓度为50 μg/m³,纯N₂气氛下,当温度为25℃时,两者脱除率均能达到99%,当温度为200℃,负载催化剂的活性炭纤维脱除率在30%左右,PPS纤维仅为10%左右。在200℃情况下,模拟烟气的组分为N₂+O₂时,2种纤维的Hg⁰脱除率提高了10%~20%,当在混合气体中添加0.01‰后,负载催化剂的PPS纤维Hg⁰脱除率能达到80%,活性炭纤维Hg⁰脱除率能达到98%。当温度为200℃,模拟烟气的组分为N₂+O₂+HCl时,不同性能掺炭纤维负载催化剂后Hg⁰脱除率在69%~95%范围之间变化,其中PPS掺炭纤维对Hg⁰脱除效率最高达到95%,因此,负载V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂的PPS掺炭纤维能在高温烟气中保持较高的Hg⁰脱除率。     

Trade-off between water pollution prevention,agriculture profit,and farmer practice—an optimization methodology for discussion on land-use adjustment in China

Agricultural decision-making to control nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution may not be efficiently implemented, if there is no appropriate cost-benefit analysis on agricultural management practices. This paper presents an interval-fuzzy linear programming (IFLP) model to deal with the trade-off between agricultural revenue, NPS pollution control, and alternative practices through land adjustment for Wuchuan catchment, a typical agricultural area in Jiulong River watershed, Fujian Province of China. From the results, the lower combination of practice 1, practice 2, practice 3, and practice 7 with the land area of 12.6, 5.2, 145.2, and 85.3 hm², respectively, could reduce NPS pollution load by 10 %. The combination yields an income of 98,580 Chinese Yuan/a. If the pollution reduction is 15 %, the higher combination need practice 1, practice 2, practice 3, practice 5, and practice 7 with the land area of 54.4, 23.6, 18.0, 6.3, and 85.3 hm², respectively. The income of this combination is 915,170 Chinese Yuan/a. The sensitivity analysis of IFLP indicates that the cost-effective practices are ranked as follows: practice 7 > practice 2 > practice 1 > practice 5 > practice 3 > practice 6 > practice 4. In addition, the uncertainties in the agriculture NPS pollution control system could be effectively quantified by the IFLP model. Furthermore, to accomplish a reasonable and applicable project of land-use adjustment, decision-makers could also integrate above solutions with their own experience and other information.     

密云水库入库河流沉积物中重金属形态分析及风险评价

研究了北京市密云水库入库河流潮白河水系沉积物中重金属的总量及形态分布特征,采用风险评价准则法（RAC）和Tucker3 模型探讨沉积物中重金属的潜在危害性.结果表明,Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、V、Zn的平均含量均超过北京市土壤背景值,呈现一定的富集.形态分析表明,Cu的残渣态含量占总量的72%,其次为有机结合态,占22%;Mn的残渣态含量占总量的62%,铁锰氧化物结合态占23%,碳酸盐结合态占10%;Ni的残渣态含量占总量的73%,铁锰氧化物结合态占13%,有机结合态占11%;Pb、Cd、V、Zn均以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态为主,含量占总量的90%以上.Ti、Cr则以残渣态为主要形态.RAC评价结果显示,Cr、V、Ti对环境无风险,Ni处于无风险到低风险级,Cu处于低风险级,Cd、Pb、Mn处于低风险到中等风险级.研究结果将为北京市水源保护、人体健康安全保护措施的制定提供科学依据.     

华北农村夏季大气甲醛浓度变化特征

为研究华北农村大气污染状况,于2013年夏季和2014年夏季先后在华北两个农村站点——固城站、饶阳站,采用基于汉栖(Hantzsch)反应的在线甲醛荧光分析仪开展大气甲醛在线观测,结合同期φ(O₃)、φ(PAN)(PAN为过氧乙酰硝酸酯)、φ(CO)和光解速率系数等数据,分析φ(甲醛)日变化及其光解速率等特征. 结果表明:华北农村夏季大气甲醛污染较重. 固城站和饶阳站φ(甲醛)分钟均值范围分别为0.05×10-9 ~59.18 ×10-9和1.66×10-9 ~ 46.83×10-9,平均值分别为12.82×10-9±7.59×10-9和13.73×10-9±5.82×10-9,高于文献报道的国内外其他地区的观测值,与同期观测的φ(NO_x)相当. 两个站点φ(甲醛)具有典型的日变化特征,φ(甲醛)小时均值峰值(固城站为17.43×10-9,饶阳站为17.57×10-9)均出现在上午10:00左右,与φ(O₃)和φ(PAN)的日变化趋势相似,但峰值早1 h出现. 光解速率系数观测结果表明,两个站点甲醛光解过程主要发生在06:00—18:00,固城站甲醛小时光解量峰值(2.59×10-9)出现在11:00,饶阳站甲醛小时光解量于正午12:00达到峰值(3.00×10-9),甲醛光解成稳定分子的速率是光解成自由基速率的1.2~1.7倍. 研究表明,两个站点φ(甲醛)的变化主要受局地过程的影响,光化学生成是甲醛的重要来源.      

Distribution, speciation, and risk assessment of selected metals in the gold and iron mine soils of the catchment area of Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China

In order to investigate the metal distribution, speciation, correlation and origin, risk assessment, 86 surface soil samples from the catchment area around the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, including samples from gold and iron mine areas, were monitored for fractions of heavy metal and total contents. Most of the metal concentrations in the gold and iron mine soil samples exceeded the metal background levels in Beijing. The contents of most elements in the gold mine tailings were noticeably higher than those in the iron mine tailings. Geochemical speciation data of the metals showed that the residual fraction dominated most of the heavy metals in both mines. In both mine areas, Mn had the greatest the acid-soluble fraction (F1) per portion. The high secondary-phase fraction portion of Cd in gold mine samples indicated that there was a direct potential hazard to organisms in the tested areas. Multivariate analysis coupled with the contents of selected metals, showed that Hg, Pb, Cr, and Ni in gold mine areas represented anthropogenic sources; Cd, Pb, and Cr in iron mine areas represented industrial sources. There was moderate to high contamination of a few metals in the gold and iron soil samples, the contamination levels were relatively higher in gold mine than in iron mine soils.     

植茶年限对土壤水稳性团聚体腐殖质组分特征的影响

退耕植茶是川西低山丘陵区响应退耕还林工程实施的重要措施之一.为了研究茶园土壤团聚体中腐殖质组分的分布特征,反映植茶对土壤质量的影响,选取不同植茶年限（18、25、33、55 a）的老川茶园为研究对象,以邻近撂荒地为对照（CK）,研究植茶对土壤团聚体中富里酸（FA）和胡敏酸（HA）分布的影响.结果表明:①不同植茶年限下,土壤富里酸含量（以质量分数计）在2.97~6.26 g/kg之间,胡敏酸含量在1.24~4.89 g/kg之间;随植茶年限的延长,土壤富里酸、胡敏酸含量先增加后降低,均在植茶25 a时达到最大值.②随着土壤团聚体粒径的减小,富里酸含量逐渐降低,胡敏酸则表现为≥5 mm粒径团聚体高于其他粒径.③土壤胡富比（HA/FA）在0.30~0.88之间,总体表现为≥5 mm和 < 0.25 mm粒径团聚体腐殖化程度较高,植茶25 a时大团聚体数量的增加有利于有机质含量和品质的提高.④逐步回归分析表明,≥5、2~5、0.25~0.5和 < 0.25 mm粒级团聚体中有机碳组分对水稳性团聚体的形成和稳定的影响较大.研究显示,植茶有利于土壤团聚体中腐殖质各组分的积累和腐殖化程度的增强,可增加土壤有机碳的稳定性;植茶25 a时土壤碳汇效应较强,植茶33 a后土壤固碳能力有所下降,可通过改善茶园施肥管理等措施保持茶园土壤的结构和肥力,以实现茶园土壤的可持续利用.      

梅子垭旅游资源评价及开发,保护规划研究

在对三梅子垭区的旅游资源现状及其结构和功能进行评价分析的基础上,认为应大力发展该地的旅游业,并建议长江三峡地区统筹安排以形成该区旅游业发展的整体优势。对于区内旅游资源的开发则应以生态旅游为主,但是必须适度,即合理的开发度和保护度相结合而且这种旅游资源的开发应该是可承受性的。这与当地整个社会－经济－自然复合生态系统的总承受能力有关。对于构成总承受能力的各种具体因素,如旅游区生态承受能力。社会心理 承     

贫燃条件下汽车尾气净化催化剂的研究

综述了目前国际上由低碳烃催化还原ＮＯｘ催化剂的研究现状，分析了金属氧化物催化剂、贵金属催化剂、分子筛催化剂以及双功能催化剂各自的优势和存在的问题。对失活原因以及反应机理作了简单概述，最后提出展望。     

北京北部水源地水化学特征及硫同位素变化

分析了北京市北部水源地所在流域丰水期和枯水期的水化学特征和硫同位素变化.结果表明,研究区地表水pH值呈弱碱性,水化学组成以HCO3-和Ca2+为主,Mg2+和SO24-次之.通过对主离子组成的分析,发现研究区水化学特征的主要控制因素是岩石风化,其中绝大部分是受碳酸盐岩的影响.研究区内δ34S值在4.9‰—10.7‰之间,平均值为7.9‰,其中密云水库库区及潮河、白河δ34S平均值分别为8.7‰、6.0‰、8.2‰.研究区内SO24-离子浓度与δ34S值在一定程度上呈负相关,SO24-离子浓度十分集中,降水中的SO24-离子浓度很低,而δ34S值较高.根据质量守恒原理计算出硫元素来源于硫酸盐岩的溶解比例为30.72%—42.47%;来源于硫化物氧化的比例为21.74%—33.49%;来源于大气输入的比例为35.77%.