树脂基纳米零价铁复合材料的制备及其去除重金属铅Pb(Ⅱ)的性能研究

凭借着优越的还原活性,纳米零价铁在环境污染治理和修复领域应用广泛。通过将纳米零价铁(n ZVI)颗粒负载到大孔阴离子和阳离子交换树脂上,成功制备出2种树脂基纳米零价铁复合材料。研究了2种复合材料及其载体对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的去除性能,考察了不同载体功能基团对复合材料去除Pb(Ⅱ)性能的影响。结果表明:以大孔阴离子交换树脂为载体的D001-Fe0复合材料因具有离子交换和化学还原双重作用,对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除效率高、速率快。     

大尺度区域非点源污染负荷估算方法研究的意义、难点和关键技术——代“大尺度区域非点源污染研究”专栏序言

科学、规范的规划可以有效地协调人类、环境和社会之间的和谐关系,大尺度区域非点源污染负荷调查是很多规划工作的重要基础.针对当前非点源污染负荷估算方法的不足和困难,以全国水资源规划为契机,从水质水量结合的角度阐述了规划层次的大尺度区域非点源污染负荷估算方法的意义、用途和关键技术.     

大气环境质量属性识别理论评价模型及应用

依据属性识别理论中有关属性集、属性测度、有序分割类等基本概念和置信度准则,建立了大气环境质量综合评价的属性识别模型.结合大气环境监测实例探讨了属性识别理论在大气环境质量综合评价中的应用,并将实例研究结果与模糊综合评判法、灰色系统理论方法、物元分析等6种不同评价方法的结果进行了比较.实例分析表明将中国学者独创的属性识别理论应用于大气环境质量评价是可行的.此外,还可用于区域内不同环境监测点或者不同的区域环境之间大气环境质量的优劣评价比较.     

Game theoretic analysis of environmental impact assessment system in China

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) system has been established in China since 1973. In present EIA cases, there are four participants in general: governments, enterprises, EIA organizations and the public. The public has held responsible for both social costs and social duties. The public supervises social costs produced by enterprises discharging pollutant in EIA. However public participation is mostly deputized by governments, which severely weaken the independence of the public as one participant in EIA. In this paper, EIA refers to the different attitudes of the participants whose optional strategies may be described by a proper game model. According to disfigurements in EIA, three sides (governments, enterprises, and EIA organizations) dynamic iterative game theory, dynamic game theory of incomplete information, and perfect Bayesian equilibrium theory to analyze the reciprocity relation among governments, EIA organizations and enterprises. The results show that in a short period, economic benefit is preponderant over social benefit. Governments and enterprises both do not want to take EIA to reveal social costs. EIA organizations’ income comes from enterprises and the collusions are built between them to vindicate economic benefit. In a long run, social benefit loss caused by environmental pollution must be recuperated sooner or later and environmental deterioration will influence the achievements of economic benefit, so both governments and enterprises are certain to pursue high social benefit and willing to take EIA, helpful to increase private benefit. EIA organizations will make fair assessment when their economic benefit are ensured. At present, the public as silent victims can not take actual part in EIA. The EIA system must be improved to break the present equilibrium of three sides, bringing the public to the equilibrium to exert public supervision.     

催化超临界水氧化对氨基苯酚

采用CuO／γ-Al2O3和MnO2/γ-Al2O3为催化剂、H2O2为氧化剂，在一连续流固定床反应器中进行了超临界水氧化对氨基苯酚实验。实验结果表明，CuO和MnO2催化剂对于对氨基苯酚的氧化降解具有显著的促进作用。对氨基苯酚的去除率随反应温度和压力的升高、停留时间的延长而提高，在24～26MPa和400～450℃条件下，数秒钟内COD去除率可达到99％以上，催化剂CuO／γ-Al2O3的催化效果优于MnO2／γ-Al2O3。证明了催化超临界水氧化技术的高效性。     

黄河流域非点源污染负荷估算与分析

以全国水资源综合规划为契机,对黄河流域非点源污染展开研究.利用3S技术,对黄河流域干、支流2000年河道及土壤等方面的空间、属性数据进行分析,结合试验监测数据,应用二元结构模型估算黄河流域不同非点源污染类型的负荷.计算结果表明:(1)2000年黄河流域总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)的非点源污染负荷已超过点源污染负荷;(2)农田是黄河流域重要的氮、磷非点源污染来源,分别占50%和64%;(3)非点源污染负荷空间分布图显示,传统牧区及黄河源区牲畜养殖造成的非点源污染比较突出;(4)城市和乡村总氮污染占流域非点源负荷的比例相对较低,而其总磷污染则对黄河流域有比较大的影响;(5)由土壤侵蚀引起的氮污染远大于磷污染.     

Preparation and Properties of Thermoplastic Starch/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Using N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)formamide as a New Additive

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)formamide (HF) was synthesized efficiently and used as a new additive to prepare thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite nanocomposite (TPS/MMT). Here, HF acted as both plasticizer for TPS and swelling agent for MMT. The hydrogen bond interaction among HF, starch and MMT was proven by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. By scanning electron microscope (SEM), starch granules were completely disrupted. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated that partially exfoliated TPS/MMT nanocomposite was formed. The crystallinity of corn starch, MMT, HF-plasticized TPS (HTPS) and TPS/MMT nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal stability of HTPS and TPS/MMT was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The water resistance of TPS/MMT nanocomposite increased compared with that of pure HTPS. Tensile strengths of TPS/MMT nanocomposites were higher than those of HTPS, but just the reverse for elongations at break.     

Global Research Trends Related to CO2 Emissions and Their Enlightenment to China

Given the growing awareness of the likely catastrophic impacts of climate change and close association of climate change with global emissions of greenhouse gases (of which carbon dioxide is more prominent) , considerable research efforts have been devoted to the analysis of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and its relationship to sustainable development. Now GHG reduction programs have been coming into effect in many developed countries that have more responsibility for historical CO2 emissions, and the studies have become mature. First, the GHG emissions accounting system is more all-inclusive and the methods are more rational with the effort of IPCC from 1995 and all other researchers related. Second, the responsibility allocation is more rational and fair. Along with the clarity of "carbon transfer" and "carbon leakage", the perspective and methodology for allocating regional CO2 emissions responsibility is turning from production base to consumption base. Third, the decomposition method has become more mature and more complex. For example, the decomposition formulas are including KAYA expression and input-output expression and the decomposition techniques are developed from index analysis to simple average divisia and then adaptive-weighting divisia. Fourth, projection models have become more integrated and long-term. The top-down model and bottom-up model are both inter-embedded and synergetic. Trends above give some advice for the research on CO2 in China, such as emissions factors database construction, deeper-going research on emissions responsibility and structure analysis, promotion of modeling technology and technology-environment database.     

Simulation analysis of environmental risk accident and management of high-sulfur gas field development in complex terrain

Environmental risk of high sulfur gas field exploitation has become one of the hot spots of environmental management studies. Severe gas H₂S blowout accidents in recent years have shown that poor understanding and estimates of the poisonous gas movement could lead to dangerous evacuation delays. It is important to evaluate the real concentration of H₂S, especially in complex terrain. Traditional experiential models are not valid in the case of rough terrain, especially in low-lying areas where the gas accumulates. This study, using high sulfur content gas field of Sichuan “Pu Guang gas field” as study object and adopting objective diagnosis of wind field of land following coordinate three dimensions, applied Lagrangian Puff Model and breaking up technique of puffs to simulate the H₂S diffusion condition of blowout accidents produced in the high sulfur content gas field of complex terrain area. The results showed that the H₂S distribution did not occur mainly in low wind direction, and due to the obstruction of the mountain’s body, it accumulated in front of mountain on produced turn over, flowed around submitted jumping type distribution. The mountain waist near the hilltop and low hollow river valley site rapture points simulating contrast showed that the higher the rapture point, the better the diffusing condition of pollutant, the distribution of risk sensitive point decided piping rupture environmental risk size combining the H₂S diffusion result and residential area dispersing in the study area, synthetic judge located in the high rapture point environmental risk was smaller than the low hollow point, thus it was suggested to carryout laying of lining build of equal high line of higher terrain. According to simulation results, the environmental risk management measures aimed at putting down adverse effects were worked out.     

加拿大一枝黄花和小飞蓬叶浸提液对大豆幼苗生长的复合化感效应

加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)和小飞蓬(Conyza canadensis)常共同入侵至同一农田生态系统。探究了两者对大豆幼苗生长的复合化感作用。加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液显著抑制大豆幼苗地上生物量。而小飞蓬叶浸提液也明显抑制大豆幼苗地上生物量(未达到显著水平)。与对照处理相比,两者复合叶浸提液处理未显著影响大豆幼苗地上生物量。两者复合叶浸提液处理下大豆幼苗地上生物量显著大于加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液单一处理,同时也大于小飞蓬叶浸提液单一处理(未达到显著水平)。两者叶浸提液单一处理均明显降低大豆幼苗株高(未达到显著水平)。与对照处理相比,两者复合叶浸提液处理未显著影响大豆幼苗株高。两者复合叶浸提液处理下大豆幼苗株高明显大于两者叶浸提液单一处理(未达到显著水平)。因此,两者叶浸提液对大豆幼苗的生长均具有一定程度的抑制效应,且加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液对大豆幼苗产生的化感作用(尤其是地上生物量)明显大于小飞蓬。两者复合化感作用明显低于两者单一化感作用,尤其是两者对大豆幼苗地上生物量的复合化感作用显著低于加拿大一枝黄花的单一化感作用。所以,化感效应可能在两者共同入侵(即两者复合作用)进程中所起的贡献低于在两者单一入侵进程中所起的作用。