空气质量监测中标准状态对测定结果的影响及建议

环境空气质量标准中各种污染物的浓度限值是评价、考核空气质量状况的基本依据。为了保证在不同时空、不同环境状况下监测数据的可比性,各个国家或组织在制定的空气质量标准中对标准状态(温度和压力)进行了定义。但是,由于标准状态定义不同,即使是同一环境状况下的同一实测结果进行标化计算后的污染物浓度也不相同,达不到可比性的基本原则。因此,建议中国在未来修订空气质量标准所采用的标准状态,进一步与国际接轨。     

流域水污染监测与溯源技术研究进展

水污染特征识别和溯源是实施水污染精准治污的关键一步,也是流域水污染防治工作的前提。该文概述了不同分析监测技术、传统溯源方法与人工智能在水污染监测与溯源中的应用进展。光谱分析由于灵敏度高、准确度好,在实现水污染快速监测中应用最为广泛。传统溯源方法在复杂多样的水污染事故中不能准确快速地确定其污染源类型,而人工智能技术由于可以解决动态环境问题中的不确定性和复杂性,能够准确、智能地识别水质特征和追踪污染源。将人工智能与传统技术相结合是流域水污染溯源的发展趋势。展望了人工智能在水污染溯源方面的应用前景,为实现流域水污染全面监管提供了新的思路。     

臭氧与氯联合消毒对钱塘江水源水DBPs形成及溴取代的影响

本文研究了在pH 6～8、反应时间2～72 h、反应温度10～30℃条件下,钱塘江水源水在臭氧-氯消毒联合作用下,三卤甲烷(THMs)、二卤乙酸(DHAAs)、三卤乙酸(THAAs)、二卤乙腈(HANs)、三卤硝基甲烷(THNMs)等5类消毒副产物(DBPs)的形成和溴取代特征.结果显示,臭氧-氯消毒下DBPs的形成与氯消毒有较多相似之处:①大部分DBPs形成量均随着温度的升高、时间的延长而增加,相应的溴取代因子(BSFs)则随着时间的延长、温度的上升而呈下降趋势;②氯代DHANs倾向于在酸性条件下形成多,而溴代DHANs则倾向于在碱性条件下形成多;③不管是氯消毒还是臭氧-氯消毒,也不管是哪种消毒条件,5类DBPs的BSF值顺序均为BSF_(HNMs)BSF_(DHANs) BSF_(THAAs)BSF_(THMs)≈BSF_(DHAAs).但与氯消毒不同的是,臭氧-氯消毒下THMs、DHAAs、THAAs、HANs的形成产量更低,而THNMs的产量则更高;而且与氯消毒相比,臭氧-氯消毒普遍增加了DBPs的溴取代程度,也改变了溴离子在不同DBPs之间的分配,即减少了THMs、DHAAs、THAAs、DHANs对溴的利用率,但大幅增加了HNMs的溴利用率.鉴于溴代HNMs的极高毒性,因此对于钱塘江水源水,臭氧-氯消毒要注意HNMs带来的健康风险.     

基于万古霉素手性柱的马来酸扑尔敏对映体分离及其识别机理

药物是环境介质中一类新型污染物,多数药物具有手性对映体特性,药物对映体的分离分析是研究对映体水平药物环境行为和效应的前提.采用商品手性柱Chirobiotic#x00AE;V,在反相条件下,对马来酸扑尔敏进行了手性分离,考察了不同流速、柱温、pH值和流动相组成对分离的影响,并优化了色谱条件.结果表明:以含0.1%(体积分数)冰醋酸和0.1%(体积分数)三乙胺的水溶液(TEAA)与四氢呋喃(THF)混合为流动相,在所研究范围内,随着流动相中THF含量的增加、pH值增大和流速增大,马来酸扑尔敏对映体的分离效果降低;柱温影响存在峰值现象,即分离效果随温度的升高先增大后减小.优化得到的拆分条件为:流动相TEAA∶THF为95∶5(V/V),pH值为3,流速为0.3 mL·min~(-1),柱温为15℃.利用分子对接技术模拟万古霉素不同区域与扑尔敏对映体间的相互作用,计算得到了最稳定结合能,据此预测对映体的出峰顺序与实验结果完全一致.初步手性识别机理研究结果表明,引起手性识别的主要作用力为氢键作用.     

Preparation and evaluation of aminopropyl-functionalized manganese-loaded SBA-15 for copper removal from aqueous solution

A novel material, aminopropyl-functionalized manganese-loaded SBA-15(NH2-Mn-SBA-15), was synthesized by bonding 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane(APTMS) onto manganeseloaded SBA-15(Mn-SBA-15) and used as a Cu2+adsorbent in aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), X-ray diffraction spectra(XRD), N2adsorption/desorption isotherms, high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) were used to characterize the NH2-Mn-SBA-15.The ordered mesoporous structure of SBA-15 was remained after modification. The manganese oxides were mainly loaded on the internal surface of the pore channels while the aminopropyl groups were mainly anchored on the external surface of SBA-15. The adsorption of Cu2+on NH2-Mn-SBA-15 was fitted well by the Langmuir equation and the maximum adsorption capacity of NH2-Mn-SBA-15 for Cu2+was over two times higher than that of Mn-SBA-15 under the same conditions. The Elovich equation gave a good fit for the adsorption process of Cu2+by NH2-Mn-SBA-15 and Mn-SBA-15. Both the loaded manganese oxides and the anchored aminopropyl groups were found to contribute to the uptake of Cu2+. The NH2-Mn-SBA-15 showed high selectivity for copper ions. Consecutive adsorption–desorption experiments showed that the NH2-Mn-SBA-15 could be regenerated by acid treatment without altering its properties.     

我国城市水环境管理策略建议——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

城市化的快速发展导致了一系列水环境问题,文章在深入分析目前我国城市水环境管理现状的基础上,针对目前存在的问题,结合《水污染防治行动计划》关于城市水环境的要求,提出了完善法规标准、加强城市水环境质量目标管理、开展城市水环境系统综合规划、构建城市可持续水循环利用模式、加强监管和信息公开等城市水环境管理策略建议,对于实现我国城市水环境质量全面改善、水生态系统健康发展、促进水环境保护与城市发展共赢的目标具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Influence of phosphorus availability on the community structure and physiology of cultured biofilms

Biofilms have important effects on nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems.However,publications about the community structure and functions under laboratory conditions are rare.This study focused on the developmental and physiological properties of cultured biofilms under various phosphorus concentrations performed in a closely controlled continuous flow incubator.The results showed that the biomass(Chl a)and photosynthesis of algae were inhibited under P-limitation conditions,while the phosphatase activity and P assimilation rate were promoted.The algal community structure of biofilms was more likely related to the colonization stage than with the phosphorus availability.Cyanobacteria were more competitive than other algae in biofilms,particularly when cultured under low P levels.A dominance shift occurred from non-filamentous algae in the early stage to filamentous algae in the mid and late stages under P concentrations of 0.01,0.1 and 0.6 mg/L.However,the total N content,dry weight biomass and bacterial community structure of biofilms were unaffected by phosphorus availability.This may be attributed to the low respiration rate,high accumulation of extracellular polymeric substances and high alkaline phosphatase activity in biofilms when phosphorus availability was low.The bacterial community structure differed over time,while there was little difference between the four treatments,which indicated that it was mainly affected by the colonization stage of the biofilms rather than the phosphorus availability.Altogether,these results suggested that the development of biofilms was influenced by the phosphorus availability and/or the colonization stage and hence determined the role that biofilms play in the overlying water.     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化微囊藻毒素

以5%醋酸为提取剂从滇池有毒蓝藻中提取了微囊藻毒素,经磁力搅拌、离心、过滤后得到MCs粗提液. 此粗提液先后2次通过筛选后的大孔吸附树脂D101,用不同浓度的乙醇-水溶液洗脱后,获得纯度为82.6%、82.1%、62.5%的MC-RR、MC-YR和MC-LR.另外,条件实验结果表明,pH值＝3时,D101对MCs的吸附性能最佳.实验建立了一种安全、高效、低成本的分离纯化MCs的方法.     

大豆蛋白和屠宰废水处理工艺研究

介绍了两公司大豆蛋白废水的水质水量和性质特征,分析工程的工艺设计和调试运行状况.对大豆蛋白和屠宰废水的处理,采用混和处理的总体工艺,理论研究和运行实践表明,混和处理利于均衡生物处理营养,优化厌氧处理工艺型式及参数.污泥培养时,尽快从间歇运行变为连续运行,利于基质和污泥的混和接触,促进油脂和脂肪酸的降解,防止油和脂肪酸的积累及其抑制作用,防止油脂包覆污泥,造成污泥漂浮流失.     

天然水体的酸碱缓冲模型及其应用方法

提出了一种反映水体pH变化的基本缓冲模型(微分方程型)。将不同类型天然水体的缓冲强度函数代入基本模型,即得到实际可用的各种具体缓冲模型。水体缓冲强度是pH的函数,可通过一种由热力学平衡关系和限定条件组成的多元方程组求出。缓冲模型没有解析解,但可应用微分方程的数值解法,通过计算机给出结果。