有毒难降解有机物高级氧化电催化电极

在电催化电极的作用下 ,电化学反应和化学催化作用结合 ,导致有机分子的电催化降解。在分析中 ,综述了电催化高级氧化电极研究现状 ,阐述与评价了过渡金属涂层电极、金属氧化物涂层电极、含掺杂半导体涂层电极、金刚石膜电极、三维电极等几个主要方面的研究成果 ,并对今后工作的重点提出了一些意见。     

潜水丁坝在湖滨带生态恢复中的应用

为保护和稳固湖滨带,在太湖梅梁湾进行生态恢复研究,并成功地实施了示范工程.沿湖滨带共构筑14道潜水丁坝,每道长23～28 m,坝间距为40～80 m,坝上种植芦苇和菰.构筑的潜水丁坝能经受住太湖常见大风袭击和湖流淘蚀,芦苇和菰等长势良好,湖滨原有芦苇带在一定水深范围内每年向湖延伸2～5 cm,坝上其他水生植物和底栖动物螺蛳等自然繁衍.潜水丁坝所起作用为利用自然力改变岸边流场,使泥沙在湖滨带预定沉积区内沉积,减缓岸边侵蚀和降低沉积物再悬浮,从而为湖滨带水生植物生长创造良好的生境条件.研究发现,在微风条件下,潜水丁坝群能有效拦截麇集于岸边的蓝绿藻,并在湖滨带进行消化降解.研究提出的构筑潜水丁坝并种植水生植物的方案为湖滨带生态恢复提供了一种新的探索途径.     

Anoxic degradation of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds by activated sludge and their active sites

The potential for degradation of five nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds(NHCs), i.e.,imidazole, pyridine, indole, quinoline, and carbazole, was investigated under anoxic conditions with acclimated activated sludge. Results showed that NHCs with initial concentration of 50 mg/L could be completely degraded within 60 hr. The degradation of five NHCs was dependent upon the chemical structures with the following sequence:imidazole pyridine indole quinoline carbazole in terms of their degradation rates.Quantitative structure–biodegradability relationship studies of the five NHCs showed that the anoxic degradation rates were correlated well with highest occupied molecular orbital.Additionally, the active sites of NHCs identified by calculation were confirmed by analysis of intermediates using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.     

Road traffic impact on urban atmospheric aerosol loading at Oporto,Portugal

At urban areas in south Europe atmospheric aerosol levels are frequently above legislation limits as a result of road traffic and favourable climatic conditions for photochemical formation and dust suspension. Strategies for urban particulate pollution control have to take into account specific regional characteristics and need correct information concerning the sources of the aerosol.With these objectives, the ionic and elemental composition of the fine (PM_2.5) and coarse (PM_2.5–10) aerosol was measured at two contrasting sites in the centre of the city of Oporto, roadside (R) and urban background (UB), during two campaigns, in winter and summer.Application of Spatial Variability Factors, in association with Principal Component/Multilinear Regression/Inter-site Mass Balance Analysis, to aerosol data permitted to identify and quantify 5 main groups of sources, namely direct car emissions, industry, photochemical production, dust suspension and sea salt transport. Traffic strongly influenced PM mass and composition. Direct car emissions and road dust resuspension contributed with 44–66% to the fine aerosol and with 12 to 55% to the coarse particles mass at both sites, showing typically highest loads at roadside. In fine particles secondary origin was also quite important in aerosol loading, principally during summer, with 28–48% mass contribution, at R and UB sites respectively. Sea spray has an important contribution of 18–28% to coarse aerosol mass in the studied area, with a highest relative contribution at UB site.Application of Spatial Variability/Mass Balance Analysis permitted the estimation of traffic contribution to soil dust in both size ranges, across sites and seasons, demonstrating that as much as 80% of present dust can result from road traffic resuspension.     

微电池滤床法处理含油废水

介绍了含油废水中油珠电荷的来源和ζ－电位,阐述了液膜池微观电泳测试的理论和方法。根据油珠具有ζ－电位及在外电场作用下可以迁移的性质,采用炭－铁粒料组成微电池滤床处理含油废水,油去除率可达７０％－８０％。     

Calculation and decomposition of regional household energy consumption in China: based on perspectives of urbanization and residents’ consumption

Demographic urbanization caused great changes in scale of residents’ consumption and residents’ lifestyle and then impacted changes of regional household energy consumption. This paper expanded Logarithmic Mean Decomposition Index method through introducing variables of urbanization and residential consumption into the model. It also analyzed the influences of six factors as energy structure, energy intensity, population scale, urbanization, residential consumption, and consumption inhibit on regional household energy consumption. Results showed that in 2003–2012, impact of urbanization on regional household energy consumption of Chinese three areas was significantly higher than population size. The “population gathered in eastern region” phenomenon caused eastern region getting the largest population scale effect. Driving force of residential consumption on regional household energy consumption was much higher than the other five effects. Due to the comparative advantage of residential consumption compared with government consumption, investment, and net export, the decrease of consumption ratio promoted the growth of regional household energy consumption. Energy intensity in Chinese three regions kept reducing in 2003–2012. The progress of energy utilization technology slowed the growth of regional household energy consumption, and energy intensity effect was most significant in the central region.     

全风化花岗岩滑坡稳定性与降雨关系分析∗

降雨是滑坡诱发的主要因素,当前我国防灾工作理念从注重灾后救助向注重灾前预防转变、从减少灾害损失向减轻灾害风险转变,因此明晰降雨诱发机理并建立合理的预警机制,对做好地质灾害防灾减灾工作至关重要。针对降雨型全风化花岗岩滑坡稳定性问题,以青岛崂山风景区全风化花岗岩返岭滑坡为实例,进行了不同含水率原状土剪切试验与大型物理相似模型试验。揭示了边坡的降雨响应规律,探究了全风化花岗岩滑坡稳定性与降雨关系,并拟合相关量化公式。同时采用ABAQUS 建立边坡流固耦合三维数值模型,基于强度折减法验证了公式的合理性。研究结果表明：（1）降雨型全风化花岗岩滑坡的破坏模式分为浸润侵蚀→表层变形→破坏加深→整体失稳4个阶段,变形期间坡体存在“ 鼓状凸起”与“片状溜滑”现象,最终发生推移式破坏;（2）边坡对降雨入渗的响应规律在水平及竖向空间上存在差异,降雨强度越大,含水率与孔压增速越大;（3）基于试验结果推导了滑坡含水率、安全系数与降雨强度、降雨持时之间的影响关系公式,数值模拟验证误差率较小,能够较好的描述全风化花岗岩滑坡稳定性与降雨之间的定量关系。研究结果为类似强~全风化花岗岩地区滑坡的预警与防治提供参考。     

基于PLC的工业电雷管智能并行装配系统研究

针对国内工业电雷管装配生产过程中,因人工参与导致自动化技术水平低、危险系数高,造成生产效率低、安全事故频发等问题,将并行控制思想融入工艺模块划分、模块间的通信及PLC控制系统设计中,构建了一种基于PLC的工业电雷管智能并行装配系统,实现了工业电雷管并行装配,并使危险工作位置实现无人化,优化性能瓶颈从而提高了装配效率;设计了智能异常排除策略,实时监控和调整系统性能参数,使装配生产安全事故率大幅降低,增强了系统可靠性。实际应用表明,系统运行安全稳定、维护简便,实时预警及保护功能齐全,有效提高了工业电雷管自动装配的技术水平和产品质量。     

高速公路碰撞能量衰减装置设计与力学性能分析

为有效降低高速公路上车辆与护栏碰撞事故,提高高速公路交通安全性,基于能量衰减装置变形过程中应具有恒定承载力、稳定的破坏模式等性能要求,设计了一种八边薄壁型能量衰减装置。理论分析推导出能量衰减装置的峰值载荷公式,数值模拟研究了装置的力学性能及其影响因素。研究结果表明:能量衰减装置具有恒定承载力、稳定的变形破坏模式和载荷波动性,其几何参数对冲程效率和载荷波动系数性能指标无影响;能量衰减装置的压溃峰值载荷、能量吸能和平均压溃载荷指标随长度和壁厚的减小而减小,压溃峰值载荷、平均压溃载荷指标随边长增加而减小。     

北方寒冷地区SBR设计参数的修正及其探讨

在城市污水处理系统中,通常的SBR工艺设计参数多适用于常温的环境即15～30℃。而我国北方寒冷地区,冬季水温一般在6～10℃,如果仍按照常规参数进行工程设计,在一定程度上不能满足北方城市污水处理系统的实际情况,出水水质很难达到排放要求。因此,应把温度参数与反应动力学联系起来,通过试验和工程实例对SBR的常规设计参数进行低温下的修正,以适应北方寒冷地区的城市污水处理厂的设计要求。