Calculation and decomposition of regional household energy consumption in China: based on perspectives of urbanization and residents’ consumption

Demographic urbanization caused great changes in scale of residents’ consumption and residents’ lifestyle and then impacted changes of regional household energy consumption. This paper expanded Logarithmic Mean Decomposition Index method through introducing variables of urbanization and residential consumption into the model. It also analyzed the influences of six factors as energy structure, energy intensity, population scale, urbanization, residential consumption, and consumption inhibit on regional household energy consumption. Results showed that in 2003–2012, impact of urbanization on regional household energy consumption of Chinese three areas was significantly higher than population size. The “population gathered in eastern region” phenomenon caused eastern region getting the largest population scale effect. Driving force of residential consumption on regional household energy consumption was much higher than the other five effects. Due to the comparative advantage of residential consumption compared with government consumption, investment, and net export, the decrease of consumption ratio promoted the growth of regional household energy consumption. Energy intensity in Chinese three regions kept reducing in 2003–2012. The progress of energy utilization technology slowed the growth of regional household energy consumption, and energy intensity effect was most significant in the central region.     

高速公路碰撞能量衰减装置设计与力学性能分析

为有效降低高速公路上车辆与护栏碰撞事故,提高高速公路交通安全性,基于能量衰减装置变形过程中应具有恒定承载力、稳定的破坏模式等性能要求,设计了一种八边薄壁型能量衰减装置。理论分析推导出能量衰减装置的峰值载荷公式,数值模拟研究了装置的力学性能及其影响因素。研究结果表明:能量衰减装置具有恒定承载力、稳定的变形破坏模式和载荷波动性,其几何参数对冲程效率和载荷波动系数性能指标无影响;能量衰减装置的压溃峰值载荷、能量吸能和平均压溃载荷指标随长度和壁厚的减小而减小,压溃峰值载荷、平均压溃载荷指标随边长增加而减小。     

基于PLC的工业电雷管智能并行装配系统研究

针对国内工业电雷管装配生产过程中,因人工参与导致自动化技术水平低、危险系数高,造成生产效率低、安全事故频发等问题,将并行控制思想融入工艺模块划分、模块间的通信及PLC控制系统设计中,构建了一种基于PLC的工业电雷管智能并行装配系统,实现了工业电雷管并行装配,并使危险工作位置实现无人化,优化性能瓶颈从而提高了装配效率;设计了智能异常排除策略,实时监控和调整系统性能参数,使装配生产安全事故率大幅降低,增强了系统可靠性。实际应用表明,系统运行安全稳定、维护简便,实时预警及保护功能齐全,有效提高了工业电雷管自动装配的技术水平和产品质量。     

北方寒冷地区SBR设计参数的修正及其探讨

在城市污水处理系统中,通常的SBR工艺设计参数多适用于常温的环境即15～30℃。而我国北方寒冷地区,冬季水温一般在6～10℃,如果仍按照常规参数进行工程设计,在一定程度上不能满足北方城市污水处理系统的实际情况,出水水质很难达到排放要求。因此,应把温度参数与反应动力学联系起来,通过试验和工程实例对SBR的常规设计参数进行低温下的修正,以适应北方寒冷地区的城市污水处理厂的设计要求。     

微电池滤床法处理含油废水

介绍了含油废水中油珠电荷的来源和ζ－电位,阐述了液膜池微观电泳测试的理论和方法。根据油珠具有ζ－电位及在外电场作用下可以迁移的性质,采用炭－铁粒料组成微电池滤床处理含油废水,油去除率可达７０％－８０％。     

天津市机动车尾气排放因子研究

通过调查研究天津市机动车车型构成、保有量、车辆行驶状况、气象数据和油品等基础数据,利用COPERT IV模型计算了在国1、国2、国3、国4和国5排放标准下机动车尾气中CO、NO_x、VOC和PM_(2.5)的排放因子.应用车载测试系统在实际道路上对国4柴油货车的排放因子进行了测量,并将模型结果与实测结果进行了比较,研究表明,国4排放标准下,污染物排放实测数据普遍高于模型模拟数据.对于轻型载货柴油车而言,实际道路测量的CO、NO_x、VOC和PM_(2.5)的排放因子分别是模型模拟数据的2.5、4.3、1.9和1.2倍;对于中型载货柴油车而言,以上污染物的实测排放因子分别是模型的1.3、2.1、1.0和1.2倍;对于重型载货柴油车而言,以上污染物的实测排放因子分别是模型的1.7、1.9、1.1和1.2倍.     

Poly(Lactic Acid) Blended with Cellulolytic Enzyme Lignin: Mechanical and Thermal Properties and Morphology Evaluation

“Green”/bio-based blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) were prepared by twin-screw extrusion blending. The mechanical and thermal properties and the morphology of the blends were investigated. It was found that the Young’s modulus of the PLA/CEL blends is significantly higher than that of the neat PLA and the Shore hardness is also somewhat improved. However, the tensile strength, the elongation at break, and the impact strength are slightly decreased. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that the thermal stability of the PLA is not significantly affected by the incorporation of the CEL, even with 40 wt% CEL. The results of FT-IR and SEM reveal that the CEL and the PLA are miscible and there are efficient interactions at the interfaces between them. These findings show that the CEL is a kind of feasible filler for the PLA-based blends.     

轻型汽油车颗粒物数浓度排放特征研究

应用全球统一轻型车排放测试循环(WLTC)工况对2种轻型汽油车(汽油直喷(GDI)车、进气道燃油喷射(PFI)车)进行尾气排放测试,分析其颗粒物数浓度(PN)、粒径分布及排放特征。结果表明:GDI测试车的PN平均排放因子为2.098×10~(13)～2.619×10~(13)个/km,远高于传统PFI测试车的7.486×10~(11)～3.174×10~(12)个/km。PFI测试车排放的PN 50%集中于粒径小于0.033μm的粒径段,GDI测试车排放的PN 50%集中于粒径小于0.010μm的粒径段。PFI测试车在40～80km/h的速度区间内,加速和减速状态下PN的排放速率高于匀速,GDI测试车在0～20、40～80km/h的速度区间内,加速状态下PN的排放速率高于匀速,在0～20km/h的速度区间内减速状态下PN的排放速率高于匀速。     

下沉式地铁车辆段环境噪声特性试验研究

针对下沉式地铁车辆段环境噪声问题,采用问卷调查与现场实测相结合的方法,对下沉式地铁车辆段环境噪声特性开展研究.结果表明:通风噪声是下沉式地铁车辆段主要噪声源,其次为列车噪声;办公区域噪声强度超出标准限值3～5 dB(A),其中1 000 Hz左右中频段噪声带给人的烦恼度最高;检修库内存在严重低频噪声,尽管各测点均未超过...     

热解条件对废电路板真空热解规律的影响

采用自行设计的间歇式固定床真空热解中试装置对废线路板进行了真空热解试验;研究了物料尺寸、热解终温、升温速率、真空度及恒温时间等热解条件对热解产物产率分布的影响和废线路板真空清洁热解过程的规律.试验结果表明,热解条件决定废线路板的真空热廨规律,热解终温是影响热解产物产率分布的最重要的热解条件,其它热解条件对热解产物产率分布也有一定影响.在物料尺寸为50 mm×50 mm、热解终温为550℃、加热速率为10℃·min-1、热解压力为20 kPa及恒温时间为60 min的热解条件下,有利于降低热解固体产物产率,同时有利于提高热解液体产物产率和减少处理费用.