混合耐冷菌群的优化筛选及应用研究

从冬季时污水处理厂曝气池的活性污泥中分离出高生物活性的耐冷细菌和耐冷酵母菌,以低温生活污水为处理对象,分别测定单株菌及混合耐冷菌群有机污染物降解能力.结果表明,共分离出从属于黄杆菌属、假单胞菌属、芽胞杆菌属等的耐冷细菌6株;从属于毕赤酵母菌属、假丝酵母菌属、红酵母菌属等的耐冷酵母菌4株.耐冷菌在5℃条件下具有相对较短的世代时间:9.04～13.11 h.单株耐冷细菌F和耐冷酵母菌AH在5℃条件下的COD去除率分别为64%和83%.混合耐冷菌群经驯化后可较高地去除低温生活污水中的有机污染物,COD去除率可保持在83%～87%.     

AFS断续流动氢化物原子荧光光度计测定饮用水中汞

介绍断续流动氢化物原子荧光光度计测定饮用水中汞的方法,研究了酸度,硼氢化钾浓度,灯电流,载气流速等对测定汞的影响.在优化的分析条件下,检测限为0.02ug/L,方法应用于水样中汞的测定,样品加标回收率在96.2％-102％之间,相对标准偏差为2.3％.方法具有操作简便,快速,灵敏度高等优点.     

天津市典型市区隧道机动车黑碳污染排放特征与健康风险评价

在天津五经路隧道开展机动车排放的黑碳(Black carbon,BC)浓度特征及其对人群健康影响研究,对机动车排放BC的浓度水平与变化特征进行分析,同时计算获得汽油车和柴油车的BC排放因子,并通过美国环保局(US EPA)的健康风险评价模型对BC的健康风险进行评价.结果表明,隧道入口和出口处BC质量浓度均值分别为(2.21±0.74)和(4.02±1.56)μg·m^-3.隧道内BC累计质量浓度在凌晨、早高峰和晚高峰3个时间段上存在极大值点,说明交通道路BC浓度变化与车辆类型和车流量变化密切相关.隧道中机动车BC综合排放因子为(2.62±0.60) mg·km^-1·辆^-1,基于多元线性回归方法计算获得隧道内汽油车和柴油车的BC排放因子分别为(1.51±0.24)和(56.9±15.2) mg·km^-1·辆^-1.健康风险评价结果表明,对于儿童和成人,隧道进口与出口处BC的非致癌风险指数均小于1,非致癌风险在安全范围之内.但BC对成人和儿童的致癌风险均超过EPA推荐的可接受风险阈值(...     

长三角部分水源水氯化消毒后卤乙酸形成的多元回归模型研究

以长三角比较有代表性的3处水源(太湖、钱塘江、金兰水库)为实验对象,研究不同消毒条件下9种卤乙酸(haloacetic acids,HAAs)的形成及其影响因素,并通过建立多元回归模型来评估水源水氯化后HAAs的形成.结果表明:HAAs的形成水平依次为太湖钱塘江金兰水库,且均以二卤乙酸(dihaloacetic acid,DHAA)、三卤乙酸(trihaloacetic acid,THAA)为主.二氯乙酸(dichloroacetic acid,DCAA)、总二卤乙酸(ΣDHAA)、HAA5(USEPA规定的5种HAAs)、HAA9(9种HAA的简称)的回归模型具有良好的预测潜力,准确率达83.3%~94.4%,而三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid,TCAA)、一溴二氯乙酸(bromodichloroacetic acid,BDCAA)、ΣTHAA(总三卤乙酸)模型的预测准确率较低,只有47.2%~61.1%.根据偏相关系数分析,影响DCAA、ΣDHAA、HAA5的关键的因子是溶解性有机碳;影响TCAA、ΣTHAA、HAA9的关键的因子是投氯量;影响BDCAA形成的最关键因子是溴离子.     

Dynamic equity carbon permit allocation scheme to limit global warming to two degrees

Significant international collaboration is required to limit global temperature increase to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. Equity is the foundation of cooperation, and therefore, this study proposed a new dynamic carbon permit allocation scheme based on four principles: equality, historical responsibility, capability, and future development opportunities. Decision makers could have different preferences for allocating carbon permits, therefore, four equity rules or indicators (equality, responsibility, capacity, and sovereignty) were assigned different weights. Based on the global carbon budget of the 2 °C target, emission permits were calculated and relevant economic implications analyzed using the Global Change Assessment Model. Results indicated that developed countries should reduce emissions immediately, while allowances for developing regions could permit an initial increase in emissions until peaking. Applying different weights to the indicators resulted in multifarious regional allowances. Developed regions would benefit from the “preferring sovereignty” scenario and most developing countries would benefit under the “preferring responsibility” and “preferring capacity” scenarios. Compared with the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, this study found that in the short term, developed countries might insist on sovereignty as the preferred indicator. However, preferring sovereignty would place substantial mitigation pressures on developing countries in the long term. Therefore, in addressing global climate change, a dynamic choice in the weighting distribution for different indicators might be conducive to international agreement. Furthermore, a market-based trading instrument could help all participants both mitigate global climate change by reducing regional and global costs and facilitate mitigation capital flow from developed to less developed regions.     

长江口南北支浮游动物群落生态学研究

长江口特殊的生态环境使得浮游动物的种类组成、密度和时空分布等生态特征有别于其它水体。2005年秋季（丰水期）和2006年春季（枯水期）对长江口南北支浮游动物进行了2个航次的调查,沿南北支由西向东设立3个采样断面共20个采样点。共采集到浮游动物227种,其中轮虫65种,原生动物107种,枝角类15种,桡足类40种。优势种包括龟甲轮虫（Keratella）、刺簇多肢轮虫（Polyarthra trigla）、萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）、砂壳虫（Difflugia）、表壳虫（Arcella）、砂壳纤毛虫（Tintinnid）、中华哲水蚤（Calanus sinicus）、汤匙华哲水蚤（Sinocalanus dorrii）、广布中剑水蚤（Mesocyclops leuckarti）、象鼻溞（Bosmina）等。文章对南北两支浮游动物的种类组成和结构进行了比较,南支浮游动物的种类、数量及生物多样都高于北支,南北两支的浮游动物群落相似度很低。南北两支水域环境的不同造成其浮游动物群落结构的较大差异,文章分析了环境因子与浮游动物群落结构的相关性,其中水温是重要的影响因素,水温的季节性决定了浮游动物在时间分布上的变化。盐度对浮游动物群落结构的影响主要决定了其物种生态类型及空间分布。从整体上看,南北支主要受长江径流控制,浮游动物的种类组成以淡水种为主,咸水种在断面3出现较多。     

土坡滑坡应急处置技术与防控机理研究

为适应滑坡应急处置的需要,在分析常见滑坡防控措施与机理后,选用螺旋锚作为应急处置的技术手段,研制开发了车载施工设备,大大提高了快速反应能力与机动性。对于降雨渗水引起的滑坡,提出了锚固与反滤导渗相结合的防控机理,综合提高坡体的稳定性。该技术方法具有处置速度快、劳动强度低的特点。     

Topsoil dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and sources along an urban-rural gradient in the Yellow River Delta

The Yellow River Delta (YRD) is a typical agricultural and petrochemical industrial area of China. To assess the current status of soil dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) residues, topsoil samples (0-15 cm) (n = 82) were collected in Bincheng District, at the geographic center of the YRD. The total concentrations of six DDT homologues were within 3.3-3819 μg/kg, with a mean concentration of 191 μg/kg, showing significant increase along urban-rural gradient. Soil concentrations of seven indicator PCBs in the area ranged from non-detectable to 87.0 μg/kg, dominated by heavily chlorinated PCBs (PCB-101 and -118). Soil PCBs concentrations were significantly greater in urban than suburban and rural areas. Principal component and multiple linear regression analysis suggest that 86.4% of soil DDTs originate from past DDT usage, and 13.6% originate from dicofol application. Soil PCBs most likely originate from the petrochemical industry (77.1%), municipal solid waste disposal (16.5%), local commercial PCB homologues usage (5.2%), and long-range atmospheric deposition (1.2%). In general, soil DDTs pollution was classified as low level, and mean PCBs concentrations were below the severe contamination classification range. Because PCB-118 is a dioxin-like congener, monitoring and remediation is advised to assess and reduce negative environmental and human health effects from soil DDTs and dioxin-like congeners in the study area.     

从一起电梯安全质量案例来分析相关的责任主体

对一起典型的电梯安全质量方面的司法技术鉴定案例进行了分析,找出了现场鉴定电梯不符合安全技术规范的具体项目,详细分析了电梯制造、安装、检验、重大维修、维护保养过程中的违反安全技术规范的具体内容,并分析了相关环节责任主体的责任。     

汶川地震后幸存人员心理危机干预方法研究

选取汶川地震中的伤员和陪护家属各40人作为干预对象,采用心理治疗中的心理危机干预方法,对干预对象进行心理危机干预。干预过程分为3个阶段,分别是以构建良性关系为目的的初始阶段、以治疗为核心的干预和稳定阶段、以评估干预效果为目的的评估阶段。干预评估结果显示,心理危机干预前后,伤员和陪护家属评估结果存在显著差异（P<0.001）;与语言方法相比,该研究方法进行心理危机干预后,各量表得分显著下降,症状自评量表各评估方向得分显著低于语言方法的量表得分,前、后侧得分间差异存在统计学意义,说明该方法心理危机干预对震后人员恢复,效果较好。