A modeling assessment of association between East Asian summer monsoon and fate/outflow of α-HCH in Northeast Asia

Using a dynamic numerical atmospheric transport model for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), the relationship between the East Asian summer monsoon and the fate of α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), a banned OCP, in the atmosphere over Northeast Asia was investigated and assessed. The modeled temporal and spatial patterns and variability of α-HCH air concentrations during the summer months of 2005 revealed a strong link between this chemical in the atmosphere over Northeast Asia and the East Asian summer monsoon. At lower atmospheric levels, easterly and southeasterly winds blowing from relatively cold ocean surface convey α-HCH air concentration from southeast China to northeast China. A monsoon front extending from southeast China to Japan, characterized by a strong wind convergence, carried the air concentration to a high elevation of the atmosphere where it was delivered by southerly monsoon flow to northern China and North Pacific Ocean. This summer monsoon associated northward atmospheric transport caused a reversal of the soil/air exchange from outgassing to net deposition during spring–summer period. The modeled wet deposition fluxes of α-HCH agreed well with the changes in the typical summer monsoon rain bands, designated as Meiyu in China, Changma in Korea, and Baiu in Japan. The major wet deposition flux paralleled with the monsoon front as well as the monsoon rain bands. The temporal change in the fluxes exhibits abrupt northward advances, which is associated with a stepwise northward and northeastward advance of the East Asian summer monsoon. The modeled α-HCH outflow in the atmosphere from China occurs mostly in the summer months and through northeast China, featured strongly by the evolution of the summer month. This study suggests that the East Asian summer monsoon provides a major atmospheric pathway and summer outflows to α-HCH over East Asia.     

伞罩型湿式脱硫除尘塔入口结构优化模拟

利用商用CFD软件Fluent,采用k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,对新型伞罩型湿式脱硫除尘塔内的三维两相流场进行数值模拟,发现了塔内烟气入口处流场所存在的不均匀性。为将其流场调节均匀从而提高脱硫除尘效率,在数值模拟的基础上提出在入口处加装直导流板、阶梯导流板和弯曲导流板,并分析塔内y=0截面速度的分布,以及z＝0.21 m截面上的颗粒浓度、速度和压力等参数的分布。结果表明：通过加装阶梯导流板和弯曲导流板均可以将流场调节均匀,达到较理想状态,从而实现高效净化气体的目的。模拟结果对设备的优化设计和实际运行有一定的指导作用。     

Seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and air of Dalian areas, China: an assessment of soil-air exchange

The seasonal variations of concentrations of PAHs in the soil and the air were measured in urban and rural region of Dalian, China in 2007. In soil, mean concentrations of all PAHs in summer were larger than those in winter, whereas the concentrations of heavier weight PAHs in winter were larger than those in summer. Winter/summer concentration ratios for individual PAHs (R(W/S)) increased with the increase of molecular weight of PAHs in soil, indicating that PAHs with high molecular weight were more easily deposited to soil in winter than summer. In air, mean concentrations of all PAHs in winter were larger than those in summer. In comparison with the R(W/S) in soil, all the values of R(W/S) in air were larger than one indicating that the entire individual PAH concentrations in winter were larger than those in summer. The average concentration composition for each PAH compound in soil and air samples was determined and the seasonal change of PAH profile was very small. It was suggested that PAHs in soils and air had the same or similar sources both in winter and summer. The approach to the soil-air equilibrium was assessed by calculating fugacity quotients between soil and air using the soil and air concentrations. The calculated soil-air fugacity quotients indicated that soil acted as a secondary source to the atmosphere for all lighter weight PAHs (two-three rings) and it will continue to be a sink for heavier weight PAHs (five-six rings) in the Dalian environment, both in winter and summer. Medium weight PAHs (four-five rings) were close to the soil-air equilibrium and the tendency shifted between soil and air when season or function region changed. The fugacity quotients of PAHs in summer (mean temperature 298 K) were larger than those in winter (mean temperature 273 K), indicating a higher tendency in summer than winter for PAHs to move from soil to air. The variation of ambient conditions such as temperature, rainfall, etc. can influence the movement of PAHs between soil and air. Most of the fugacity quotients of PAHs for the urban sites were larger than that for the rural site both in winter and summer. This phenomenon may be related with that the temperatures in urban sites were higher than those in the rural site because of the urban heat island effect.     

一株甲醛降解真菌Aspergillus spp.H4的分离鉴定

甲醛是一种广泛使用和很重要的化工原材料,但它同时也是对大多数生物有机体有高毒性的物质。通过添加甲醛的选择性培养基从淤泥里分离了一株甲醛耐受真菌,将其接种于加孟加拉红的PDA培养基、察氏培养基、麦芽汁培养基平板培养,观察它的培养特征和孢子结构,结合DNA提取、PCR扩增、产物测序、GenBank比对等分子鉴定手段,结果表明:其培养特征、显微特征和黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)相似,18SrDNA序列与黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)同源率达99.8%。我们把它命名为Aspergillus flavus H4。该真菌最适生长pH值为pH5.5,在培养的144h内ρ(甲醛)从1241mg·L-1下降到4mg·L-1。在培养的96h内ρ(甲醛)下降迅速,A值上升缓慢,当ρ(甲醛)下降到10mg·L-1时,也就是120h时,A值迅速上升,ρ(甲醛)下降缓慢。结论是这株Aspergillus flavus H4是甲醛耐受(降解)真菌。     

基于不同基质的强化生物除磷系统中生化反应机理研究进展

阐述了3种不同基质(乙酸盐、丙酸盐和葡萄糖)在强化生物除磷系统中的生化模型反应机理.重点介绍了聚磷菌(PAOs)、聚糖菌(GAOs)和产乳酸菌在厌氧/好氧条件下对能量及还原力(NADH2)的利用方式;聚-β-羟基链烷酸盐(PHA)的合成方式及存在形式,糖原、乳酸(L型)的代谢途径等.虽然控制基质条件可以实现稳定的强化生物除磷效果,但目前的生化模型并不能完全解释所有的代谢过程,今后要在分离纯种的PAOs及相关生化代谢过程中酶的活动等方面进行深入研究.     

三峡库区垃圾污染现状及治理技术

如何搞好三峡库区的生态环境保护已成为全世界关注的课题，介绍了库区生活垃圾污染现状，并根据库区生活垃圾的特性及当地的经济发展和自然条件，对三峡库区生活垃圾的综合治理进行了系统研究，建议三峡库区垃圾实行分类收集，系统地将城区生活垃圾的管理、收集、运输和处理等各个环节有机结合起来，逐步建立起高效完善的现代化城市生活垃圾管理体系。重点介绍了准好氧垃圾卫生填埋技术和CBS（Cental Bilolgical System）城市生活垃圾高效菌种堆肥技术，秭归、巴东等烧煤区生活垃圾含无机物成分较高，建议选用准好氧填埋技术；涪陵、开县、忠县等燃气区生活垃圾有机物成分较高，已具备一定的资源化价值，高效菌种CBS堆肥技术在燃气区具有广阔的前景。     

堆肥中纤维素和木质素的生物降解研究现状

堆肥是垃圾处理的主要方法之一 ,厨房垃圾、园林垃圾、农村秸秆和日常生活中的废弃纤维产品均可作为堆肥原料 ,这些原料中含有一定量的纤维素和木质素 ,而纤维素和木质素在堆肥过程中较难生物降解。因此 ,国内外学者致力于研究能加速纤维素和木质素降解的高效微生物。研究发现 ,对纤维素和木质素有降解能力的微生物主要是高温放线菌和高温真菌 ,其中有独特降解机制的白腐菌在木质素降解中起着重要作用     

Performance and mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by zero-valent iron loaded onto expanded graphite

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) was loaded on expanded graphite (EG) to produce a composite material (EG-ZVI) for efficient removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). EG and EG-ZVI were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. EG-ZVI had a high specific surface area and contained sub-micron sized particles of zero-valent iron. Batch experiments were employed to evaluate the Cr(VI) removal performance. The results showed that the Cr(VI) removal rate was 98.80% for EG-ZVI, which was higher than that for both EG (10.00%) and ZVI (29.80%). Furthermore, the removal rate of Cr(VI) by EG-ZVI showed little dependence on solution pH within a pH range of 1–9. Even at pH 11, a Cr(VI) removal rate of 62.44% was obtained after reaction for 1 hr. EG-ZVI could enhance the removal of Cr(VI) via chemical reduction and physical adsorption, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the mechanisms of Cr(VI) removal, which indicated that the ZVI loaded on the surface was oxidized, and the removed Cr(VI) was immobilized via the formation of Cr(III) hydroxide and Cr(III)–Fe(III) hydroxide/oxyhydroxide on the surface of EG-ZVI.     

十六烷基三甲基季铵盐-乙硫醇铵盐复合改性膨润土吸附性能研究

用十六烷基三甲基季铵盐(HDTMA)和乙硫醇铵盐(AET)双阳离子同时复合改性内蒙钙基膨润土(NMB),制得新型吸附材料HDTMA-AET-NMB.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、热分析(TG-DTA)、红外光谱(FT-IR)及N2-BET等测定发现,复合改性膨润土的表面性质和层间结构已发生显著改变.对重金属离子Cd2+和对硝基苯酚(PNP)的吸附研究表明,HDTMA-AET-NMB能协同吸附混合水溶液中的目标污染物,对水中重金属离子的吸附机理是膨润土层间的AET与被吸附的Cd2+形成了稳定的配合物;对水中对硝基苯酚的吸附源于其在长碳链疏水介质中的分配.复合改性膨润土可望应用于重金属-有机物混合废水的处理.     

国外环境保护发展历程说明“环保风暴”必然理性回归

从国外环境保护发展历程可以说明,发达国家在经济发展的过程中没有环保风暴,建立长效机制是根本的选择。随着时代的发展,气候变化问题给我国造成了巨大的压力,在新的形势下应当建立相应的机制。长效机制完善了,何须环保风暴。