黄土区薄层浮土道路侵蚀试验研究

为研究降雨强度和坡度对黄土区薄层浮土覆盖的土质道路产流产沙的影响,在野外调查的基础上,通过室内模拟降雨试验研究不同雨强(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mm/min)和坡度(2°、4°、8°、16°)条件下0.5 cm厚度浮土道路径流和产沙特征。结果表明:1)相同坡度条件下,平均径流率随雨强增大呈递增趋势,其变化范围在0.80~2.73 L/min,且1.5~2.5 mm/min雨强条件下平均径流率是1.0 mm/min的1.34~3.04倍,各雨强条件下浮土侵蚀阶段产流量占比范围在5.22%~40.38%;2)次降雨平均含沙量随坡度和雨强的增大均呈递增趋势,其变化范围在11.75~194.25 g/L,且与坡度和雨强分别呈显著线性和指数函数关系(P<0.05),1.0~2.5 mm/min雨强下浮土侵蚀阶段产沙量占比为0.05%~71.51%,其占比随雨强和坡度的增大存在波动,且混合侵蚀阶段产沙量与坡度和雨强呈良好的线性关系(P<0.01);3)累计产沙量随累计产流量的增大而增大且满足线性函数关系,决定系数均在0.96以上。研究结果揭示了薄层浮土道路径流侵蚀规律,可为土质道路治理及道路侵蚀模型建立提供参考。     

Efficient model calibration method based on phase experiments for anaerobic–anoxic/nitrifying (A2N) two-sludge process

A systematic calibration and validation procedure for the complex mechanistic modeling of anaerobic–anoxic/nitrifying (A2N) two-sludge system is needed. An efficient method based on phase experiments, sensitivity analysis, and genetic algorithm is proposed here for model calibration. Phase experiments (anaerobic phosphorus release, aerobic nitrification, and anoxic denitrifying phosphate accumulation) in an A2N sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were performed to reflect the process conditions accurately and improve the model calibration efficiency. The calibrated model was further validated using 30 batch experiments and 3-month dynamic continuous flow (CF) experiments for A2N-SBR and CF-A2N process, respectively. Several statistical criteria were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of model predications, including the average relative deviation (ARD), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and Janus coefficient. Visual comparisons and statistical analyses indicated that the calibrated model could provide accurate predictions for the effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP), with only one iteration.

     

高效负载型光催化剂制备及其加铂修饰技术

通过光催化氧化五氯苯酚钠实验,结合对催化剂晶型结构、比表面积的表征分析,优化钛酸四丁酯水解制备TiO₂负载型催化剂并加铂修饰的制备条件:R值、烧结温度、粘合剂添加量、空心玻璃珠粒径大小及催化剂中铂含量,从而制备出高效、实用的负载加铂修饰型半导体光催化剂.实验结果表明,当R=10,温度为650℃烧结1h,TiO₂∶硅酸钠∶空心玻璃珠=10∶2.5∶20(W),铂在催化剂中的重量百分比为1.4%～1.6%,空心玻璃珠的粒径为0.5mm时,所制备的加铂修饰负载型催化剂催化活性、使用寿命和牢固度均比较理想.用该催化剂做光催化实验,当反应液初始五氯苯酚钠浓度为100mg/L、pH值为6.5,催化剂投加量为2g/L,通氧气量为1.6mL/s,光照强度为30kW/m²时,五氯苯酚钠2 h光催化氧化率达92.0%.     

SO2对模拟燃煤烟气中汞形态分布影响的实验研究

采用OntarioHydro方法作为检测方法 ,在小型模拟燃煤烟气Hg形态转化实验台上研究了烟气中SO2 浓度、HCl浓度、O2 浓度变化对燃煤烟气中Hg形态分布的影响 .结果表明 :在CO2 O2 N2 的烟气体系中 ,加入SO2 后 ,Hg的转化率略有增加 ,随反应温度升高Hg的转化率逐渐降低 ,较高的O2 浓度可以促进Hg的氧化 .加入HCl后 ,随反应温度的升高Hg的转化率升高 ,SO2 的存在会降低Hg的转化率 ,HCl的浓度越大 ,转化率越大 ,较高的O2 浓度也可以促进Hg的氧化 .     

加铂修饰型催化剂光催化氧化五氯酚

研究了负载型催化剂加铂修饰,并探讨了铂在催化剂中的含量对其催化活性的影响。通过光催化降解五氯苯酚钠实验,结合催化剂晶型结构和比表面分析,评价所制备的催化剂。实验结果表明：加铂修饰型催化剂的催化活性明显高于未修饰催化剂的活性。当铂在催化剂中的重量百分比为1．4％－1．6％时其光催化活性最高。     

燃煤电厂静电除尘器协同控制汞排放

对燃煤电厂静电除尘设备协同控制汞排放影响因素展开深入研究,主要分析除尘器前后烟气中汞形态浓度的变化情况、除尘器内部飞灰对烟气汞的吸附及SCR脱硝反应器对除尘器脱汞的影响。采用安大略法和Lumex汞分析仪分别对我国8家电厂烟气、煤和灰中汞含量进行了测试,并对某电厂SCR反应器前后飞灰汞含量进行了测试对比。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers occurrence in major inflowing rivers of Lake Chaohu (China): Characteristics,potential sources and inputs to lake

Eight commonly occurring polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), including BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 207, and 209, were investigated in water samples from seven major inflowing rivers of Lake Chaohu to determine the distribution characteristics, potential sources and inputs to the lake. The sum of 8 BDE congeners (Σ₈PBDEs) had a concentration varied from 0.31 to 84 ng L⁻¹, with those of BDE 209, BDE 47, BDE 99, and BDE 153 being 0.31–83, <0.012–0.36, <0.012–1.3, and <0.012–0.77 ng L⁻¹, respectively. These levels were in the high range of the global PBDEs concentrations in the water environments. The highest concentrations of Σ₈PBDEs were detected in the western rivers, of which the main pollution sources were strongly related to human activities in urban centers, such as automobile-derived wastes. A sewage treatment plant was likely an important source of the lower brominated BDEs input to one western river. The correlation analyses (all p < 0.05) between PBDEs and DOC, TN, TP, and EC, suggested that the distributions and sources of PBDEs in rivers might also be related with the soil erosion by heave floods. Σ₈PBDEs input to Lake Chaohu from the rivers outlets was estimated at 344 kg yr⁻¹ during the flood season. BDE 209 was the dominant contributor with an input of 340 kg yr⁻¹, followed by BDE 99 (1.3 kg yr⁻¹), BDE 47 (0.83 kg yr⁻¹) and BDE 153 (0.60 kg yr⁻¹).     

通化市创建国家环境保护模范城市期间主要水污染物削减对策的研究

分析了通化市主要污染物排放现状及其创建国家环境保护模范城市(简称创模)的基础条件。预测了2013-2015年通化市农业源、城镇生活源、工业源新增的COD及氨氮排放量,在削减空间有限的条件下,结合环境统计数据分析,合理测算新增项目削减潜力。提出了通化市在创模的3年里,应以重点工业企业深度治理、生活污水设施扩建以及畜禽养殖干清粪工艺改造等为抓手,扎实推进污染物减排工作,以期达到创模考核的目标要求。     

垃圾堆肥工艺过程动态模拟及优化研究

选取通气量、含水率、温度、底物浓度等作为堆肥控制因子,在堆肥生物反应动力学的基础上,根据堆肥反应过程的物料平衡和能量平衡,以及微生物比生长速度与含水率、堆肥温度的依存关系,结合翻转式堆肥反应装置操作运行条件,对厨房垃圾好氧堆肥过程中堆温、含水率、有机物、微生物量及氧气消耗量等变化进行计算机模拟计算,并将模拟结果与堆肥实验结果进行对比。结果证明,除了由于反应装置保温不理想引起堆温和含水率二者有偏差外,总体模拟计算结果与实际堆肥结果基本吻合。另外还开展了利用所开发的模型进行堆肥通气优化的应用研究。模型计算结果表明当出口氧气控制在10%～18%时,采用间歇供氧,不仅能提高堆肥效率,而且可以使供氧时间减少40%以上。经过堆肥实验验证模拟结果是正确的。由此可见,利用模型模拟堆肥过程,快速优化堆肥方案是可行与有效的。