中国环境保护战略政策70年历史变迁与改革方向

系统地回顾了新中国成立70年以来环境保护战略政策的历史变迁,分析其演进脉络、阶段性变化特征和取得的成效,对于制定新时代国家生态环境保护战略政策、全面推进生态文明和"美丽中国"建设具有重大现实意义.以环境保护战略政策历史演进为主线,将新中国成立70年以来的环境保护战略政策历史变迁与发展划分为5个阶段:①非理性战略探索阶段（1949-1971年）;②建立环境保护三大政策和八项管理制度的环境保护基本国策（1972-1991年）;③强化重点流域、区域污染治理的可持续发展战略（1992-2000年）;④控制污染物排放总量、推进生态环境示范创建的环境友好型战略（2001-2012年）;⑤推进环境质量改善和"美丽中国"建设的生态文明战略（2013年至今）.分析表明,我国基本形成了符合国情且较为完善的环境战略政策体系,在生态文明和环境保护法制与体制改革、生态环境目标责任制、生态环境市场经济政策体系以及多元有效的生态环境治理格局下取得了重大成就,对环境保护事业发展发挥了不可替代的支撑作用,为深入推进生态文明建设和"美丽中国"伟大目标实现提供了重要保障.结合新时代生态文明建设和"美丽中国"建设的目标需求,提出了未来我国生态环境保护战略政策的基本走向、改革目标,指出了管理体制、生态法治、空间管控、市场机制、公众参与、责任考核等六大改革方向.      

遥感技术寻找内生金矿床的机理及方法探讨

论述了通过遥感技术寻找内生金矿床的可能性。首先 ,讨论了运用遥感技术寻找内生金矿床的基本原理 ;其次 ,提出了运用遥感技术寻找内生金矿床的一些具体方法步骤 ;最后 ;介绍了两个应用实例。     

锐钛矿型TiO2光催化降解异噻唑啉酮废水研究

本文制备了自然光照条件下能有效降解异噻唑啉酮模拟废水(主要成分MI和CMI)的锐钛矿型TiO2光催化剂,并通过电镜分析(TEM、HRTEM)和XRD手段对其进行表征,优化了光催化处理异噻唑啉酮模拟废水的反应条件,并分析了异噻唑啉酮的降解产物情况和自然光照条件下羟基自由基的产生情况.结果表明,合成的锐钛矿型TiO2主要暴露面为{101}面,具有较好的异噻唑啉酮去除效果.在500 W氙灯照射下,12~53 mg·L-1异噻唑啉酮模拟废水在催化剂投加量为677 mg·L-1的条件下反应4 h,异噻唑啉酮去除率可以达到97%~100%;当异噻唑啉酮模拟废水浓度升高为141 mg·L-1时,其去除率为77%~80%,最佳反应时间4 h.对异噻唑啉酮降解产物的分析显示,在光催化反应结束时,MI为主要的残留物质,CMI脱氯转化为氯离子和MI,并发现未知有机产物.     

活性污泥洗涤净化餐饮油烟VOCs及其生物降解过程

将活性污泥驯化25d后,考察了其性能及其在洗涤净化餐饮油烟VOCs过程中气液组成与微生物群落的变化.结果表明:驯化后活性污泥的MLSS稳定在3.10g·L-1,MLVSS稳定在1.60～1.90g·L-1,SV、SVI分别稳定在35％和120 mL·g-1;在此条件下,洗涤净化系统对油烟的洗涤效率稳定在85％;系统对油...     

Hydroxyl radical generation and oxidative stress in Carassius auratus exposed to glyphosate and its formulation

Oxidative stress parameters and some antioxidant defense systems in the liver of Carassius auratus exposed to glyphosate and its formulation (Roundup®) have been studied. Fish were exposed to glyphosate and its formulation at concentrations of 0.032, 0.16, 0.8, and 4.0 mg L^?1, all calculated on glyphosate basis, for 11 days. Hydroxyl radical generation as determined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy of its spin-adduct with α-phenyl-t-butyl nitrone increased with the concentration of Roundup®. Superoxide dismutase activities were decreased relative to control by 21%–46% when exposed to glyphosate and 45%–52% when exposed to Roundup®, suggesting that the formulation is more toxic than glyphosate alone. Catalase showed no difference between both groups.     

中国快速城镇化的边际环境污染效应变化实证分析

通过建立模型并实际测算城镇化每增长1个百分点引起的污染物产排放变化量,来分析我国城镇化发展的边际环境污染效应。结果显示,我国城镇化发展与环境污染之间的矛盾仍十分突出,1996-2009年期间,城镇化每增长1个百分点带来的城镇生活污水排放量、COD产生量、NH3-N产生量、NOx排放量、CO2排放量、城镇生活垃圾产生量仍呈上升趋势。由于近年来城镇污水处理率明显提升,城镇化每增长1个百分点带来的COD和NH3-N排放量由＂十五＂的增加逐步转为＂十一五＂的减少;由于城镇生活用煤的减少,城镇化每增长1个百分点带来的SO2排放量在＂十五＂＂十一五＂期间都呈减少趋势。为减少环境污染,我国应选择有中国特色的城镇化发展道路,合理把握城镇化发展速度和节奏,促进城镇与环境协调发展。     

Effects of La,Ce on nitrogen removal in sequencing batch reactor

Batch experiments were conducted to study the short-term biological effects of rare earth ions (La³⁺, Ce³⁺) and their mixture on the nitrogen removal in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The data showed that higher NH⁺₄―N removal rate, total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency, and denitrification efficiency were achieved at lower concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) (<1mg/L). In the first hour of the aeration stage of SBR, the presence of REEs increased the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency and NH⁺₄―N removal efficiency by 15.7% and 10%―15%, respectively. When the concentrations of REEs were higher than 1mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency decreased, and nitrate was found to accumulate in the effluent. When the concentrations of REEs was up to 50.0mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was less than 30% of the control efficiency with a high level of nitrate. Lower concentrations of REEs were found to accelerate the nitrogen conversion and removal in SBR.     

Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

烧结车间抽尘风管尘垢防治探讨

钢铁厂的铁矿烧结车间用抽风系统将生产过程混入空气中的粉尘和有害气体抽走。烧结热量作用使抽尘气流温度较高且含水汽偏大,风管外面的冷气作用使风管内表面累积一层粘结强度高的尘垢,影响正常生产。探讨尘垢生成机理,介绍采用夹层风管预防内表面累积尘垢。     

磁场强化曝气生物滤池处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

本研究采用普通陶粒、普通陶粒外加静态磁场（50 mT）和磁性陶粒（2.5 mT和5 mT）曝气生物滤池处理高浓度氨氮废水,对比研究了不同类型和强度的磁场强化下曝气生物滤池的硝化反硝化效果,并通过分子生物学手段系统分析了磁场强化硝化反硝化的微生物学机理.结果表明,随着氨氮浓度增加,磁场强化下曝气生物滤池硝化反硝化效果显著高于普通陶粒曝气生物滤池.当氨氮浓度提高到400 mg·L^-1时,磁场强化曝气生物滤池（磁性陶粒和外加静态磁场）的氨氮去除率大于97%,高于普通陶粒曝气生物滤池的氨氮去除率（88%）;磁场强度为2.5 mT的磁性陶粒曝气生物滤池的总氮去除率达到67%,显著高于其他3个曝气生物滤池（p<0.05）（分别为55%、54%和55%）.分子生物学检测结果表明,2.5 mT磁场强度的磁性陶粒上生物膜的硝化反硝化酶活性和功能基因丰度大幅提高,硝化反硝化细菌的丰度及多样性显著增加.