天津近岸海域微塑料污染现状分析

微塑料(microplastics,MPs)已成为继气候变化、臭氧问题、海洋酸化之后新的全球重大环境问题,为揭示天津近岸海域微塑料分布规律和影响因素,利用表层现场采样、密度悬浮法分离、光学显微镜相结合的方法,研究了天津开阔海域的3个断面微塑料的丰度分布,分析了微塑料的粒径范围、形状类型和化学成分.结果表明,所监测开阔海域的3个断面中,海水样品微塑料丰度在210—1170个·m~(-3)之间,均值为612个·m~(-3);微塑料类型包括细长形的纤维、不规则状的碎片和薄膜,纤维和碎片占到绝大多数,分别占到52.1%和46.8%;而检出微塑料颗粒粒径同大多数研究相同,粒径越小,含量越多,其中55.3%的微塑料颗粒粒径是小于0.5 mm;通过Mphunter软件分析出表层海水中微塑料的颜色以深色系(如:蓝色、黑色、红色)居多,少数有黄色、绿色、白色;利用Bio-Rad Knowltall光谱分析出海水中微塑料主要成分有PP-PE(聚丙烯-聚乙烯)、ABS(苯乙烯-丁二烯-丙烯共聚物)、CE(纤维素塑料)、EP(环氧树脂)、PA(聚酰胺)、PE(聚乙烯)、PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙酸脂)、PP(聚丙烯)、PVC(聚氯乙烯)9种塑料类型,含量由高到低依次为:PETPP-PEEPCEABSPEPAPVCPP.结果分析表明,天津近岸海域微塑料污染受到海洋产业发展的影响,如海洋渔业、港口运输等,同时由于天津属于工业化城市,人口密度也较大,因此海洋微塑料污染也受到陆源污水排放的影响.     

海河流域沉积物中典型重金属的生态风险评估及验证

沉积物重金属污染及其生态风险评估日益受到关注,而沉积物质量基准是开展生态风险评估的有力工具。本研究通过物种敏感度分布法(species sensitivity distributions, SSD)和急慢性毒性比(acute to chronic ratios, ACR)推导了镍、铜、锌、镉和铅的沉积物质量基准(sediment quality guideline, SQG)。在获得合理的重金属沉积物慢性毒性数据的基础上,采用S-Logistic模型拟合镍、铜、镉和铅的慢性SSD曲线,采用S-Gompertz模型拟合锌的慢性SSD曲线。得到镍、铜、锌、镉和铅沉积物质量基准低值(sediment quality guideline low value, SQGlow)分别为18.6、69.9、107、1.26和38.4 mg·kg~(-1),应用ACRs,得到相应的沉积物质量基准高值(sediment quality guideline high value, SQGhigh)分别为167、226、556、10.1和384 mg·kg~(-1)。与加拿大和澳大利亚重金属沉积物基准值具有一定的可比性。选择花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)、伸展摇蚊(Chironomus tentans)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)3种底栖生物作为受试生物,验证基准值对海河流域沉积物重金属毒性的预测能力。结果表明,利用SQGs预测沉积物毒性的总准确率为76.2%,3种底栖生物验证准确率从高至低为:花翅摇蚊>伸展摇蚊>霍甫水丝蚓。     

Hydrogeochemical characterization and groundwater quality assessment in intruded coastal brine aquifers (Laizhou Bay,China)

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The aquifer in the coastal area of the Laizhou Bay is affected by salinization processes related to intense groundwater exploitation for brine...     

微生物燃料电池处理含硫废水的研究进展

随着工业的快速发展及化石能源的大量消耗,迫切地需要寻找一种可持续发展的绿色节能技术来替代不可再生能源.微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)以其处理难降解废水的同时产生电能的优势引起了人们的广泛关注,成为近几年的研究热点,而含硫废水一直以来是废水处理的难点.本文回顾了MFC生物除硫的发展历程,...     

不同组合净水工艺对水中致突变物的去除

对５种组合净水工艺的出水及原水进行Ａｍｅｓ试验,结果显示,生物陶粒能部分去除水中直接致突变有机物,降低原水的ＭＲ比值,ＴＡ９８菌株ＭＲ比值在剂量为１Ｌ／皿水样及０．５Ｌ／皿水样时,分别比原水减少了４０．２％及４１．９％。     

某市饮用水水质生物稳定性研究

研究某市的几个典型水厂的ＡＯＣ和ＢＤＯＣ含量和其在处理工艺和管 的变化规律,以及对爆管管道取样作扫描电镜分析,得到初步结论：（１）水源水质较好的水厂其出厂水和管网水中ＡＯＣ含量相对较低,反之则高,（２）在饮用水中ＡＯＣ与ＢＤＯＣ之比变化较大,但大量数据统计结果表明平均约为３０－４０％,因此如果以ＢＤＯＣ作为饮用水生物稳定性的评价指标也是可以的,（３）常规给水处理工艺对ＡＯＣ的支 动较大,大多数情况     

膜生物反应器中运行参数对污泥胞外聚合物的影响

研究了膜生物反应器(MBR)中曝气强度、有机负荷和污泥停留时间(SRT)与污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)变化的关系。实验结果表明,随着气水比由20增加至40,污泥EPS逐渐下降。当气水比＞35之后,EPS趋于稳定。随着有机负荷由0.129 kg COD/kg VSS·d减小至0.016 kg COD/kg VSS·d,附着型...     

Photocatalytic debromination of preloaded decabromodiphenyl ether on the TiO(2) surface in aqueous system

There have been serious concerns about polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment because of their global distribution and bioaccumulation. Owing to strong hydrophobicity of PBDEs, the regular photocatalytic system, in which the substrate is solvated in the bulk solution, is not applicable to the removal of the PBDEs in water. In this work, the photocatalytic reduction degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209), the most-used PBDEs, was investigated in aqueous system, by pre-adsorbing it on the surface of photocatalyst. It was found that the preloaded BDE209 underwent efficient reductive debromination in aqueous system under irradiation with wavelength larger than 360 nm in the presence of electron donors such as methanol. Our experiments further show that such a preloaded system exhibits different characteristics from that in the organic solution. The meta-debrominated intermediate is predominant in the present system, while the ortho-debrominated one is the main nona-BDE products in the organic solution. In addition, different from other photocatalytic system, the pH has little effect on the photocatalytic reaction. We propose that these differences are originated from the formation of overlayer of hydrophobic BDE209 to limit the motion of BDE209 and the access of water and H⁺/OH⁻ to the TiO₂ surface.     

A semiparametric statistical approach for forecasting SO2 and NO x concentrations

This study develops a new semiparametric statistical approach for urban air quality forecasting. Compared to conventional approaches, the semiparametric approach allows the model users to benefit from the positive aspects and alleviate the negative ones of parametric and nonparametric approaches. Two advantages of the approach lie in (1) the interpretation of the data set being easily decoded and used by the model and (2) its capability in dependence on prior assumption. To illustrate the performance of the proposed approach, three semiparametric regression models (i.e., linear-, quadratic-, and interactive-based semiparametric regression) are applied to an air quality forecasting problem in the city of Xiamen, China, and satisfactory training and prediction performance are obtained. The three models are also compared to three parametric and two nonparametric regression models. The results indicate that the predictive accuracy of semiparametric regression models is higher than those obtained from the parametric and stepwise cluster analysis models. However, the proposed three semiparametric regression models could be much favored, since they can be achieved more easily and rapidly than the artificial neural network model.     

城市污水污泥处置方式的温室气体排放比较分析

针对我国现在主流的城市污水污泥处置方法:填埋,焚烧,堆肥。用IPCC中推荐的方法和缺省值,对处置过程中产生的温室气体的直接排放、间接排放和替代排放做了计算和分析。填埋过程计算排放的温室气体有CH4,焚烧过程计算排放的有温室气体CO2和N2O,堆肥过程计算的排放的有温室气体CO2和N2O,最终比较的结果都折算成CO2的排放。结果表明,污泥填埋、焚烧、堆肥所产生的CO2的净排放量分别为695.847 kg CO2/t、443.643 kg CO2/t、511.817 kgCO2/t。由于考虑了堆肥以后的有机肥利用,从减排以及污泥资源化的角度分析,得出堆肥是相对好的污泥处置方式。