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41.
Xiaomao WANG Yuqin MAO Shun TANG Hongwei YANG Yuefeng F. XIE 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2015,9(1):3
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are regulated in drinking water in a number of countries. This critical review focuses on the issues associated with DBP regulatory compliance, including methods for DBP analysis, occurrence levels, the regulation comparison among various countries, DBP compliance strategies, and emerging DBPs. The regulation comparison between China and the United States (US) indicated that the DBP regulations in China are more stringent based on the number of regulated compounds and maximum levels. The comparison assessment using the Information Collection Rule (ICR) database indicated that the compliance rate of 500 large US water plants under the China regulations is much lower than that under the US regulations (e.g. 62.2% versus 89.6% for total trihalomethanes). Precursor removal and alternative disinfectants are common practices for DBP regulatory compliance. DBP removal after formation, including air stripping for trihalomethane removal and biodegradation for haloacetic acid removal, have gained more acceptance in DBP control. Formation of emerging DBPs, including iodinated DBPs and nitrogenous DBPs, is one of unintended consequences of precursor removal and alternative disinfection. At much lower levels than carbonaceous DBPs, however, emerging DBPs have posed higher health risks. 相似文献
42.
Xiaomao WANG Garcia Leal M I Xiaolu ZHANG Hongwei YANG Yuefeng XIE 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2014,8(6):820-824
The objective of this study is to investigate the occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs), a group of disinfection byproducts, in swimming pool and spa water. The samples were collected from six indoor pools, six outdoor pools and three spas in Pennsylvania, the United States, and from five outdoor pools and nine indoor pools in Beijing, China. Five HAAs (HAA5), including monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid were analyzed. Total chlorine, pH and total organic carbon concentration were analyzed as well. Results indicated that the levels of HAA5 in swimming pools and spas in the United States ranged from 70 to 3980μg·L^-1, with an arithmetic average at 1440μg·L^-1 and a median level at 1150μg·L^-1. These levels are much higher than the levels reported in chlorinated drinking water and are likely due to organic matters released from swimmers' bodies. The levels of HAA5 in swimming pools in China ranged from 13 to 332μg·L^-1, with an arithmetic average at 117μg·L^-1 and a median level at 114μg·L^-1. The lower HAA levels in swimming pools in China were due to the lower chlorine residuals. Results from this study can help water professionals to better understand the formation and stability of HAAs in chlorinated water and assess risks associated with exposures to HAAs in swimming pools and spas. 相似文献
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Jingyu Wang Hongwei Fang Guojian He Lei Huang 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2014,8(6):845-853
The impact on the environment ofradionuclide release from nuclear power plants has attracted increased attention, especially after the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan. Based on the mechanisms of adsorption/desorption at solid/liquid interfaces and a surface micromorphology model of sediments, a theoretical expression of the distribution coefficient Kd is derived. This coefficient has significant effects on the distribution of radionuclide in seawater, suspended sediment and seabed sediment. Kd is then used to simulate ^90Sr transport in the sea near the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant. The simulation results are compared with field measurements of tidal level, current velocity, suspended sediment concentration and ^90Sr concentrations in the same period. Overall, the simulated results agree well with the field measured data. Thus, the derived expression for Ka is capable of interpreting realistic adsorption/desorption processes. What's more, conclusion is drawn that about 40% ^90Sr released by Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant will be adsorbed by suspended sediment and 20% by seabed sediment, only about 40% ^90St will remain in the sea near Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in South China Sea. 相似文献
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人工甜味剂环境行为研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
人工甜味剂是一类人工合成或半合成的蔗糖取代物,由于人们对饮食健康的关注而被越来越广泛地应用于食品和饮料中.但是大多数人工甜味剂在人体内几乎不被代谢就随尿液和粪便直接排到生活污水中.近年,几种典型的甜味剂在水体中广泛被检出且浓度较高,同时研究发现部分甜味剂难以降解,因此人工甜味剂已被视为新型有机污染物而得到关注.本文就人工甜味剂在水处理设施中的行为及其在环境来源和分布的相关研究进行了综述,总结了水处理设施和水环境中甜味剂的污染特征规律,并对今后的研究进行了展望. 相似文献
45.
The aerobic biodegradability of organic substances in water is characterized by determination of energy change ‐ ATP content in microbial cells during biodegradation. A satisfactory result is obtained under the following conditions: the initial concentration of tested substance is 100mg/l (as DOC), the amount of the inoculum in the biological medium is 500mg/l (as MLSS), and the duration of test time is 14 days. The evaluating system (peak time, peak height and IA index) is proposed to assess the biodegradability of 46 organic compounds and 7 wastewaters. 相似文献
46.
通过对安控装置运行状态进行实时监视与识别,准确获取安控系统运行状态,对分散的安控系统策略进行结构化统一建模,实现了安控当值策略的快速识别,为离线策略在线校核提供基础数据,并进行了安控系统的静态安全、暂态安全和动态稳定的全面校核。研究结果表明一种计及多类安全稳定约束的安控系统在线校核技术对防止安控系统离线策略控制量不足或者不匹配等情况有很好的指导意义。 相似文献
47.
短程硝化的生化机理及其动力学 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
短程硝化的生化反应机理和动力学是生物脱氮技术的理论基础,同时也是生物脱氮工艺设计、运行科学化和合理化的重要依据.基于短程硝化的生化机理、氨氧化菌的电子传递(能量产生)模式,从微生物学和化学计量学两个方面详细论述了短程硝化一系列复杂的生化反应过程.由此可知,短程硝化是一个涉及多种酶及多种中间产物,并伴随着电子(能量)传递的复杂生化反应过程,是基质(NH4 -N)利用(产能代谢)和微生物(氨氧化菌)增殖(合成代谢)两类反应的综合,因此,研究氨氮比利用速率和氨氧化菌比增殖速率动力学则是对短程硝化反应的深层次研讨.并建议采用积分法和微分法来确定动力学参数μnmax、KN、vnmax. 相似文献
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