厨余垃圾、猪粪和秸秆联合堆肥的腐熟度评价

以厨余垃圾、猪粪和玉米秸秆作为堆肥原料,采用好氧堆肥的方法,探讨了厨余垃圾和猪粪、秸秆联合堆肥对腐熟度的影响。结果表明:从温度、pH、电导率(EC)、腐植酸光学特性(E4/E6)、固相C/N和发芽率指数(GI)来看,只有厨余垃圾单独堆肥的处理没有达到腐熟的要求,其余3个处理均达到腐熟。所以厨余垃圾、猪粪和秸秆联合堆肥可以更好地实现废弃物的无害化,促进堆肥腐熟。     

大气污染防治综合决策支持技术平台典型城市应用研究

以典型城市济南市为研究对象,利用大气污染防治综合决策支持技术平台(简称“技术平台”)综合评估了济南市《2018年大气污染治理“十大措施”实施方案》(简称“‘十大措施’”)的实施效果,并进一步基于特定空气质量目标〔济南市2018年ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(O₃)同比2017年分别下降20%、8%〕开展大气污染防治策略寻优及费效评估.结果表明:①“十大措施”实施后,SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、一次PM_2.5减排率分别为39%、24%、42%、41%,该情景在2017基准年气象条件下可使济南市2018年ρ(PM_2.5)同比下降19%,新增治污成本约4.70×108元,效益-成本比约1.40;单位减排成本最低的本地扬尘源减排对ρ(PM_2.5)下降的贡献率最大,建议济南市下一阶段应进一步强化扬尘源减排.②经过策略寻优,反算得到了SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、一次PM_2.5的减排率分别为46%、20%、42%、60%的优化策略,该策略下的新增治污成本约4.69×108元;对比“十大措施”,优化策略提高了SO₂和一次PM_2.5的减排率,降低对O₃具有负贡献的NO_x减排率,满足空气质量目标的同时又尽可能地降低了治污成本,将效益-成本比提升至1.88.技术平台在济南市的初步成功应用,为济南市下一阶段的大气污染防治提供基于实证的科学依据;同时对其在我国城市逐步推广具有重要示范意义,可有效支撑大气污染防治综合科学决策制定.      

Synthesis of highly effective absorbents with waste quenching blast furnace slag to remove Methyl Orange from aqueous solution

Water quenching blast furnace slag(WQBFS) is widely produced in the blast furnace iron making process. It is mainly composed of CaO, MgO, Al_2O_3, and SiO_2 with low contents of other metal elements such as Fe, Mn, Ti, K and Na. In this study, WQBFS was treated with grinding, hydrochloric acid acidification, filtration, filtrate extraction by alkali liquor and a hydration reaction. Then BFS micropowder(BFSMP), BFS acidified solid(BFSAS) and BFS acid-alkali precipitate(BFSAP) were obtained, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller(BET)specific surface area. The decoloration efficiency for Methyl Orange(MO) was used to evaluate the adsorptive ability of the three absorbents. The effects of adsorptive reaction conditions(p H and temperature of solution, reaction time, sorbent dosage and initial concentration) on MO removal were also investigated in detail. The results indicated that BFSAP performed better in MO removal than the other two absorbents. When the p H value of MO solutions was in the range 3.0–13.0, the degradation efficiency of a solution with initial MO concentration of 25 mg/L reached 99.97% for a reaction time of 25 min at 25°C.The maximum adsorption capacity of BFSAP for MO was 167 mg/g. Based on optimized experiments, the results conformed with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Among inorganic anions, SO_4~(2-)and PO_4~(3-)had significant inhibitory effects on MO removal in BFSAP treatment due to ion-exchange adsorption.     

超重力环境下活性氧簇氧化吸收一氧化氮的研究

为了减少工业排放氮氧化物(NOx)对大气造成的污染,需要去除难溶性的NO。活性氧簇(ROS)可以将NO氧化为水溶性NO₂,超重力机可以强化气液传质效果。结合二者的优势,文章提出了一种在超重力环境下利用ROS氧化去除NO的方法。研究了吸收液pH值、转速、温度、气液比、气体浓度、吸收液循环对NO脱除率的影响,并对吸收产物进行了测定。结果表明,在20℃,H₂O₂浓度为1 mol/L,H₂O₂溶液pH为13,超重力机转速为1 200 r/min时,NO的脱除效率最好。当NO体积浓度为500×10^-6,气液比为100时,NO的脱除效率可达96%。NO最终变为NO₃^-存在于液相中,且该吸收液可以用于同步脱硫脱硝。     

土壤环境中活性X-3B红染料的吸附行为及影响因素

对土壤吸附活性X-3B红染料的速率进行了测定,表明可以划分为高速吸附、减速吸附、缓慢吸附和0(平衡)吸附4个阶段;但各土类在各不同的阶段,其吸附速率差异较大.通过对活性X-3B红染料的土壤吸附等温线的研究,发现其吸附行为与Langmuir方程相吻合;在此基础上的计算表明,该染料在土壤上的最大吸附量为:水稻土>红壤>棕壤>褐土.从环境因素的影响而论,模拟结果显示:当土壤有机质较低或气温下降,当土壤处于中性状态或水分过多和过少,均能通过减少其吸附量达到降低活性X-3B红染料在土壤环境中的积累.     

Experimental investigation on the seepage law of pressure-relieved gas under the influence of mining

The stress distribution characteristics of the coal seam floor and the variation of pressure-relieved gas seepage velocity along with working face being advanced were studied experimentally. According to experimental data, the distribution rule and the influence area of abutment pressure of gob floor were analyzed. The scope of “three zones” formed by gas seepage velocity along lateral direction above the gob was determined, and the coupling rule of pressure-relieved gas was summarized. The above results provide a technical support for the spot gas extraction.     

聚合氯化铁絮凝处理低温低浊水的研究

通过聚合氯化铁(PFC)对高岭土悬浮颗粒的絮凝试验中浊度和Zeta电位的测试,发现低温时在相同的PFC投药量下随着碱化度(B)的增大,Zeta电位减小;在达到相同的浊度去除,低温时PFC的投加量要小于常温时,在相同的药剂投加量低温时Zeta电位要高于常温时;温度降低PFC水解和沉淀速度减小,使得PFC水解中间体更易与污染物反应,同时增强了电中和能力,减少了PFC的用量;温度的降低使得PFC的多核羟基络合物中间体水解程度减小而保持形态的时间延长,所以PFC比传统混凝剂FeCl3处理低温低浊水更有效。     

Biodegradation of nicosulfuron by the bacterium Serratia marcescens N80

By enrichment culturing of the sludge collected from the industrial wastewater treatment pond, we isolated a highly efficient nicosulfuron degrading bacterium Serratia marcescens N80. In liquid medium, Serratia marcescens N80 grows using nicosulfuron as the sole nitrogen source, and the optimal temperature, pH values, and inoculation for degradation are 30-35°C, 6.0-7.0, and 3.0% (v/v), respectively. With the initial concentration of 10 mg L?1, the degradation rate is 93.6% in 96 hours; as the initial concentrations are higher than 10 mg L?1, the biodegradation rates decrease as the nicosulfuron concentrations increase; when the concentration is 400 mg L?1, the degradation rate is only 53.1%. Degradation follows the pesticide degradation kinetic equation at concentrations between 5 mg L?1 and 50 mg L?1. Identification of the metabolites by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) indicates that the degradation of nicosulfuron is achieved by breaking the sulfonylurea bridge. The strain N80 also degraded some other sulfonylurea herbicides, including ethametsulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl,and rimsulfuron.     

UVA/Fe3O4活化过硫酸盐降解阿特拉津

为了解SO₄-·（硫酸根自由基）对阿特拉津的降解能力,以Fe₃O₄为K₂S₂O₈活化试剂,以阿特拉津为研究目标污染物,运用UVA/Fe₃O₄/K₂S₂O₈体系系统探讨阿特拉津在不同环境因素下的降解过程,并对催化剂的稳定性和重复利用进行了考察.结果表明:UVA/Fe₃O₄可以有效活化K₂S₂O₈来降解阿特拉津,最佳c（K₂S₂O₈）为1 mmol/L,反应6 h阿特拉津降解率可达到90%.淬灭试验表明,SO₄-·是该体系中的主要活性物种,贡献率约为96%;HO·的作用比较弱.初始pH为3时,阿特拉津6 h的降解率为98%,总铁的溶出量达到0.9 mg/L;而初始pH为7时,体系对阿特拉津的降解率达到85%,基本没有总铁的溶出,表现出了一定的稳定性.在腐殖酸存在的条件下,UVA/Fe₃O₄/K₂S₂O₈体系对阿特拉津的降解效果优于UVA/Fe₃O₄/H₂O₂体系.对Fe₃O₄催化剂进行3次循环测试,阿特拉津的降解率分别为90%、89%和86%.研究显示,UVA/Fe₃O₄能用于活化K₂S₂O₈的高级氧化体系中,可有效降解除草剂阿特拉津.