底栖动物在水质评价中应用的中文文献统计和分析研究

底栖动物长期生活在水体底部,水质的变化会直接影响到它们的生长和繁殖,因此底栖动物可以准确的反映水体的质量.利用底栖动物对水质进行生物评价,在国内已较多采用,并取得了一定的成果.在收集、整理了126篇底栖动物在水质评价中的应用的相关中文文献的基础上,统计出了这些文献的年度发表量及在各期刊的分布情况,其中核心期刊占有较大的比例.此外,还统计了文献的研究机构,主要是以高校为主体,以及文献所用的评价水质的方法,共计14种.     

Integration of chemical and biological methods: A case study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution monitoring in Shandong Peninsula, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), as persistent toxic substances(PTS), have been widely monitored in coastal environment, including seawater and sediment. However, scientific monitoring methods, like ecological risk assessment and integrated biomarker response, still need massive researches to verify their availabilities. This study was performed in March, May, August and October of 2018 at eight sites, Yellow River estuary(S1), Guangli Port(S2), Xiaying(S3), Laizhou(S4), Inner Bay(S5), Ou...     

Wall losses of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from oxidation of toluene: Effects of chamber volume and relative humidity

Vapor wall losses can affect the yields of secondary organic aerosol. The effects of surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio and relative humidity (RH) on the vapor-wall interactions were investigated in this study. The oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were generated from toluene-H₂O₂ irradiations. The average gas to wall loss rate constant (k_gw) of OVOCs in a 400 L reactor (S/V = 7.5 m⁻¹) is 2.47 (2.41 under humid conditions) times higher than that in a 5000 L reactor (S/V = 3.6 m⁻¹) under dry conditions. In contrast, the average desorption rate constant (k_wg) of OVOCs in 400 L reactor is only 1.37 (1.20 under humid conditions) times higher than that in 5000 L reactor under dry conditions. It shows that increasing the S/V ratio can promote the wall losses of OVOCs. By contrast, the RH effect on k_gw is not prominent. The average k_gw value under humid conditions is almost the same as under dry conditions in the 400 L (5000 L) reactor. However, increasing RH can decrease the desorption rates. The average k_wg value under dry conditions is 1.45 (1.27) times higher than that under humid conditions in the 400 L (5000 L) reactor. The high RH can increase the partitioning equilibrium timescales and enhance the wall losses of OVOCs.     

确定性系数与地理探测器模型耦合的泥石流易发性评估方法研究∗——以安宁河流域为例

通过确定性系数与地理探测器模型耦合的方法研究耦合模型对泥石流灾害易发性评估的影响。基于遥感判识和野外考察确定安宁河流域内的 198 条泥石流沟作为评估样本,选取坡度、地面峰值加速度、地形起伏度、地层岩性、植被覆盖度、植被类型、地形湿度指数以及地貌演化指数作为评价因子,耦合确定性系数和地理探测器模型,分别计算各评价因子分级取值和因子权重,进行安宁河流域泥石流易发性等级分区。研究结果表明：(1)地理探测器方法定量分析安宁河流域内泥石流发育的主要贡献因子为地面峰值加速度、地形起伏度和坡度。(2)泥石流极高易发区和高易发区分别占流域总面积的 9.67% 和 12.02%,高易发区主要分布在安宁河流域两岸且呈条带状分布。 (3)利用 ROC 曲线对泥石流易发性评估精度进行验证,耦合模型的 AUC 值达到 0.824,相比单种模型 CF 模型的评估精度 0.786 提升了 4.8%,具有更高的准确率,评价效果更优。     

近断层桥梁最小搭接长度数值分析∗

为了研究近断层地震作用下桥梁合理的最小搭接长度,防止落梁破坏,基于有限元软件 ANSYS 建立了连续刚构桥三维有限元模型;考虑了近断层和断层处地震动以及结构弹塑性特征对高墩连续梁桥最小搭接长度的影响;基于国内外抗震设计规范,分析了远场、近断层和断层处地震动下结构的最小搭接长度需求。针对该桥分析, 研究结果表明：根据各国抗震规范要求,中国和日本规范相对较保守,其搭接长度约为美国规范计算结果 2 倍和 1.5 倍;考虑近断层地震的最小搭接长度满足《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》要求,而地表破裂的跨断层地震作用下最小搭接长度需求超出规范要求,跨断层桥梁应采用防落梁措施;搭接长度与桥梁结构设计参数(跨径,墩高和材料等)和地震动强度指标(PGA,断层错位,PGV 和 PGV/PGA 等)有关。     

控制论在企业环境管理中的应用

在企业环境管理运用控制论实施污染防治全过程控制，来提高清洁生产水平，降低物耗，能耗，提高资源利用率，完善保护环境的自我约束机制，落实环境综合整治定量考核，以达到发展生产，提高经济效益和改善环境的目的。     

China''''s CDM Policies and Their Development Implications:Major Concerns for CDM Implementation

Most CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) opportunities exist in some large industrializing developing countries. For instance, China is estimated to take 48% of the world potential for CDM project activities. In reality, however, the share by China over the CDM projects registered and CDM projects in the pipeline is less than 10% as of Auguest 2005. This paper will examine the reasons behind, as reflected in China's CDM policies. Further investigation will be made into the use of these policies to boost the country's sustainable development, the sustainable development implications and effects of these policies. In addition, it is noted that incompatibility of some other Chinese laws and policies can be responsible for the low level and slow pace of CDM implementation in China and some suggestions are offered for promoting CDM project activities in China. There also exist barriers at the international level that impedes implementation of CDM project activities. A conclusion is drawn that CDM policies in a developing country like China aim mainly at promotion of sustainable development and to a lesser extent the generation of CERs.     

闽江福州段沉积物中多环芳烃的分布、来源及其生态风险

对闽江福州段37个沉积物样品中的15种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了研究.结果表明,15种PAHs的总量在241.5～1310.8ng·g-1之间,均值为630.9ng·g-1,且从上游到下游整体上呈下降的趋势,但在福州市区附近有突增的现象.沉积物中有机质含量(SOM)与PAHs总量呈显著正相关(r=0.58,p<0.01).同时,应用因子分析和多元线性回归方法对PAHs进行了源解析.结果表明,煤燃烧来源占31.7%,汽油燃烧占25.2%,柴油燃烧占28.7%,石油泄漏源占14.5%,石油燃烧是闽江福州段沉积物中PAHs的主要来源.用效应区间中值ERM(the effects range median)和效应区间低值ERL(the effects range low)及其商值平均方法对闽江福州段沉积物中PAHs的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,有4个样品芴的含量超过ERL指导值(19ng·g-1),具有一定的生态风险,其余PAH单体和PAHs总量都不超标.     

北湖流域水质改善系统动力学研究

利用系统动力学擅长研究动态、非线性复杂系统的特点,将其应用于北湖水质改善分析,构建了系统动力学-水质耦合模型,可实现长时间序列的连续模拟和水环境管理的情景分析。文章定量分析了三产比例调整、城镇化率提高与污水集中处理等因素对流域纳污控制及水质改善的影响,推演出可协调经济发展-水环境保护-污水治理资金三方矛盾的合理方案,为类似小城镇的发展提供可借鉴的思路和方法。     

医疗废物处置厂污水处理技术

从污水处理工艺、处理方式、水量平衡和自动控制方面论述了医疗废物处置厂污水处理系统,并申请了发明专利。根据医疗废物处置厂水质复杂、水量小、需中水回用等特点,采用物化、生化和微滤膜处理工艺,达到中水回用标准。消毒废水单独处理,循环使用。