Abundance and removal of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the rearing environments of intensive shrimp aquaculture in South China

Although research regarding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquaculture environments has gained increasing scientific interest, further studies are required to understand the abundances and removal mechanisms of ARGs during the entire rearing period of shrimp aquaculture. Thus, in this study, abundances, distributions and removal rates of ARGs in different environmental compartments of intensive shrimp farms in South China were investigated during the entire rearing period. The results indicated that sul1 and cmlA were the predominant ARGs in the water and sediment samples. Additionally, the total abundance of ARGs was higher in shrimp pond water than in the source water and farm effluent. Moreover, sediment samples indicated significantly higher ARG abundances than water samples from the shrimp ponds (P?<?0.05). Environmental factors were found to significantly affect the distribution of ARGs in shrimp rearing environments. Furthermore, stable ponds aided the removal of ARGs from shrimp pond water. This study accounted for temporal variations in ARG abundances as well as removal of ARGs in different environmental compartments during the entire shrimp rearing period. However, additional research is required to optimize the water treatment process for removal of ARGs from the aquaculture.     

Evaluation of photolysis and hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin in aqueous solutions and its degradation products in paddy water

This study evaluated the hydrolysis and photolysis kinetics of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection and identified the resulting metabolites of pyraclostrobin by hydrolysis and photolysis in paddy water using high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. The effect of solution pH, metal ions and surfactants on the hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin was explored. The hydrolysis half-lives of pyraclostrobin were 23.1–115.5?days and were stable in buffer solution at pH 5.0. The degradation rate of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution under sunlight was slower than that under UV photolysis reaction. The half-lives of pyraclostrobin in a buffer solution at pH 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and in paddy water were less than 12?h under the two light irradiation types. The metabolites of the two processes were identified and compared to further understand the mechanisms underlying hydrolysis and photolysis of pyraclostrobin in natural water. The extracted ions obtained from paddy water were automatically annotated by Compound Discoverer software with manual confirmation of their fragments. Two metabolites were detected and identified in the pyraclostrobin hydrolysis, whereas three metabolites were detected and identified in the photolysis in paddy water.     

Determination of the residue dynamics and dietary risk of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in citrus and soil by LC-MS/MS

A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed for the determination of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in citrus (including the whole citrus, peel and pulp) and soil samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile and purified with octadecylsilane. The detection limits of both compounds were 0.0001–0.0002?mg kg^–1, while the limit of quantification of thiamethoxam was 0.002?mg kg^–1 and the limit of quantitation of metabolites was 0.001?mg kg^–1. The recovery was 70.37%–109.76%, with inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) (n?=?15) values ≤9.46% for the two compounds in the four matrices. The degradation curve of thiamethoxam in whole citrus and soil was plotted using the first-order kinetic model. The half-life of the whole citrus was 1.9–6.2?days, and the half-life of the soil was 3.9–4.2?days. The terminal residue of thiamethoxam (the sum of thiamethoxam and clothianidin, expressed as thiamethoxam) was found to be concentrated on the peel. The final residual amount of thiamethoxam in the edible portion (pulp) was less than 0.061?mg kg^–1. The risk quotient values were all below 1, indicating that thiamethoxam as a citrus insecticide does not pose a health risk to humans at the recommended dosage.     

The organic precursors affecting the formation of disinfection by-products with chlorine dioxide

The object of this research was to study the formation of disinfection by-products by using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a disinfectant reacting with different properties of organic substance in natural aquatic environment. The adsorbent resin (XAD-4, XAD-7) was used to divide the organic matters in raw water into three groups. The influence of the function groups on structure, reaction tendency, and formation of disinfection by-products generated by the reaction of these organic substances with chlorine dioxide was explored. The experimental results show that the three different organic groups formed using adsorbent resin were hydrophobic substance, hydrophilic acid, and non-acid hydrophilics in proportions of 43%, 41%, and 16%, respectively. Within the raw water in our study, the hydrophilic substance had a higher distribution proportion than that described in general articles and journals, which indicates that this water was contaminated with pollution from human beings. The exploration of the reactivity of the three different organic substances with chlorine dioxide shows that the unit consumption of disinfection agent per unit organic matters (represented by ClO2/DOC) is in the following sequence hydrophobic substance > hydrophilic substance > non-acid hydrophilics. It indicated that larger molecular organic precursors had larger consumption of disinfectant. We also discovered that after the reaction of the three different organic substances with chlorine dioxide, the largest amount of disinfection by-products were generated by the non-acid hydrophilics.     

中低温厌氧处理城市污水污泥颗粒化的研究

用高径比为3：1的UASB反应器分别在35℃和室温条件下处理模拟城市污水,研究了污泥的颗粒化过程.比较了在不同温度、浓度下形成的颗粒污泥的特征.水温为9～25℃,进水浓度为100～200 mg COD/L,水力上流速度（Vup）在0.013～0.11 m/h的4^#UASB反应器在60 d内在形成了成熟的颗粒污泥.研究表明,进水中低的有机物浓度,低的Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋浓度和低的Vup没有抑制颗粒化进程.     

白腐菌应用于堆肥处理含木质素废物的研究

白腐菌对木质素具有较强的降解能力。通过在含大量木质素的模拟垃圾堆肥中采取添加白腐菌菌剂与不添加该菌剂2组实验对比,在相同堆肥处理条件下,接种菌剂的堆肥中木质素总量由274988mg降至15438mg,降解率达4386%,远高于未接种菌剂的堆肥中木质素的降解率,表明白腐菌可有效用于含木质素废弃物的堆肥处理,并有望于加速堆肥腐熟,提高堆肥效率。     

基于可调二极管激光技术的汽车尾气遥感监测系统

汽车尾气排放已成为最主要的城市污染源之一。汽车尾气的遥感监测系统作为一种高效实时监测汽车正常运行状况下的尾气排放方法已越来越受到人们的广泛关注。本文主要介绍基于可调二极管激光(TDL)技术的汽车尾气遥感监测系统。首先介绍遥感监测系统的产生与发展以及TDL技术的基本原理,其次阐述遥感监测系统的组成、关键技术以及系统的优点,并分析遥感监测系统在国内外的应用现状,最后提出目前应用中尚待解决的若干关键技术问题。     

TiO2/H2O2/UV和TiO2/O3/UV降解对氯苯甲酸和喹啉的试验研究

主要叙述TiO2/H2O2/UV和TiO2/O3/UV体系降解对氯苯甲酸（4-CBA）和喹啉的试验研究.研究表明,（1）在TiO2/H2O2/UV体系里目标物降解速度先随过氧化氢投加量的增加而提高,但超过一定浓度之后便开始下降;（2）在TiO2/O3/UV体系中,目标降解物的反应速度都非常快,且臭氧浓度高的时候降解速度更快;（3）二氧化钛催化剂在TiO2/O3/UV体系中作为积极因素有助于提高反应速率,而在TiO2/H2O2/UV体系是消极因素,会降低反应速率.     

中国蔬菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐污染因素及控制研究

本文综述了近十几年来我国城市蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐污染的研究结果,表明随着氮肥使用量的增大,蔬菜中硝酸盐污染较为严重而亚硝酸盐污染也不容忽视。探讨了蔬菜受硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐污染的影响因素及控制对策     

铁的环境地球化学综述

本文详细介绍了铁在表生地球化学环境中的存在状态,亚铁的氧化动力学,铁微生物地球化学及铁在表生带迁移转化的环境学意义,强调了铁环境地球化学研究的重要性