泥鳅在污染物毒性评价中的应用研究

泥鳅营底栖生活,生存能力强,易于饲养,便于采集和处理,有作为模式生物的潜力。受到污染物胁迫时,泥鳅在分子、细胞、组织、器官和个体水平上会发生明显的变化,其存活、生长和繁殖从而受到影响。泥鳅的这些特性可以被用来进行污染物毒性评价。从急性毒性、蓄积毒性、生殖力毒性、遗传毒性等方面,综述和分析了泥鳅在污染物毒性评价中的应用研究进展,并对未来研究重点进行了展望。     

低温弱光条件下毒死蜱对黄瓜的毒性效应及油菜素内酯的调控作用

农药在使用中可能对农作物产生药害作用,而在低温弱光的亚适宜条件下,设施作物对农药暴露的应激响应可能具有特殊性。同时,作为一种新型植物激素,油菜素内酯在亚适宜条件下是否能够缓解农药的药害作用的研究有限。以典型的设施作物黄瓜为受试生物,通过人工气候箱模拟低温弱光的亚适宜条件,在毒死蜱(浓度分别为0.3和1mmol·L-1)暴露1、3和7d后,以实时荧光定量PCR对黄瓜叶片中光合作用基因(psaB、psbA和rbcL)、抗氧化系统相关基因(cAPX、DHAR、GR、CAT和GPX)、防御和应激相关基因(PAL、HPL、ADC和HSP70)的转录水平进行检测,阐明其毒性效应。并对比24-表油菜素内酯的预处理组,探讨油菜素内酯如何调控作物对农药胁迫的响应。结果表明,在低温弱光条件下,毒死蜱暴露抑制了黄瓜叶片中上述大部分基因的转录,而24-表油菜素内酯预处理后其转录水平显著上升,表明24-表油菜素内酯可有效且持续地缓解毒死蜱的药害效应。     

双酚A对斑马鱼成鱼肝脏功能基因转录调控的影响

运用实时定量即时聚合链式反应RT-PCR方法,研究了双酚A对斑马鱼成鱼肝脏的功能基因转录水平的影响。结果显示,28 d半静水暴露以后,FGF8A和STAU 2 表现出传统的正剂量—效应关系,CLDN 1和CALCA的表达为倒剂量—抑制效应关系,SP 4基因在15 μg·L^-1 双酚A时表现为显著抑制效应,但是在150 和1 500 μg·L^-1却表现为显著的诱导效应。 试验进一步探讨了这些表达异常的基因在双酚A干扰去除后能否自我调节和修复。结果显示,CLDN 1能恢复到正常表达水平,而其他4个基因在低剂量组却维持原来的高毒性作用水平甚至表现出更高的毒性作用。研究证明双酚A对斑马鱼成鱼肝脏的基因转录调控具有一定的非单调剂量—效应作用。     

Influence of the sewage irrigation on the agricultural soil properties in Tongliao City, China

Increasing shortages of fresh water has led to greater use of treated wastewater for irrigation of crops. This study evaluates the spatial variability of soil properties after irrigation with wastewater and freshwater. Geostatistical techniques were used to identify the variability of soil properties at the different sites. A set of physical and chemical soil properties were measured including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM) and soil moisture. The TN concentration levels varied from 567 to 700 mg·kg^-1, while OC levels ranged from 7.3 to 16.3 mg·kg^-1 in wastewater-irrigated zones. The concentration levels of TP were between 371.53 and 402.88 mg·kg^-1 for the wastewater-irrigated sites. Wastewater irrigation resulted in higher TN, TP and OM concentrations by 18.4%, 8% and 25%, respectively. The highest TN and OM occurred along the wastewater trunk. It was also observed that nitrogen concentrations correlate with the soil's organic matter. The increase of salinity may be associated with the increase of pH, which might suggest that a reduction of pH will be beneficial for plant growth due to the decrease of salinity. The average concentrations of nitrogen in topsoil were higher than those in subsurface soils in irrigated areas. Such differences of the N profile might be due to variations in organic matter content and microbial populations. Consistent with TN and OM, soil C:N decreased significantly with an increase of depth. This phenomenon possibly reflects a greater degree of breakdown and the older age of humus stored in the deeper soil layers. The analysis of pH levels at different depths for the three sites showed that pH values for wastewater irrigation were slightly lower than the controlled sites at the same depths.     

Improvement of the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) analytical method for reclaimed water

Microbial growth is an issue of concern that may cause hygienic and aesthetic problems during the transportation and usage of reclaimed water. Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) is an important parameter which determines the heterotrophic bacterial growth potential of water. Pseudomonas fluorescens P17 and Spirillum sp. NOX are widely used to measure AOC in drinking water. The AOC values of various reclaimed water samples determined by P17 and NOX were compared with those determined by the new strains isolated from reclaimed water in this study. It showed that the conventional test strains were not suitable for AOC measurement of reclaimed water in certain cases. In addition to P17 and NOX, Stenotrophomonas sp. ZJ2, Pseudomonas saponiphila G3 and Enterobacter sp. G6, were selected as test strains for AOC measurement of reclaimed water. Key aspects of the bioassay including inoculum cell density, incubation temperature, incubation time and the pH of samples were evaluated for the newly selected test strains. Higher inoculum density (10⁴ CFU·mL^-1) and higher incubation temperature (25°C) could reduce the time required for the tests. The AOC results of various collected samples showed the advantages of the method proposed based on those five strains in evaluating the biologic stability of reclaimed water.     

三维原子场全息作用矢量用于芳香类化合物的三维QSAR研究

采用新型的的三维原子场全息作用矢量(3D-HoVAIF)研究了200种芳香化合物的化学结构与其生物毒性的定量构效关系(QSAR).首先对芳香化合物进行了结构参数化表达,然后采用逐步回归(SMR)对变量进行筛选,建立了三维定量构效关系模型.其87个无氢键分子的模型和113个有氢键分子的模型的复相关系数和标准偏差分别为R2=0.801,SD=0.473和R2=0.929,SD=0.318.模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力,证明了该三维原子场全息作用矢量在分子结构表征和生物毒性预测上的适用性.     

红壤坡地生态系统恢复过程植被群落的演变

应用样方调查方法,对湘北红壤坡地有人为干扰和无人为干扰两种方式下植被恢复情况进行了初步调查分析,结果表明:无人为干扰的坡地植被恢复在11年间经历了缓慢恢复和快速恢复两个阶段,不同坡位群落生物量稳步增长,正在逐步形成具有稳定群落结构的自然生态系统;人为干扰坡地植被恢复缓慢,由于水土流失,上坡位地下部生物量呈下降趋势,中坡位和下坡位地下部的生物量都大幅度的增加,此外人为干扰使得乔木类植物无法正常生长,从而不能形成具有明显垂直结构的稳定生态系统.     

粤西典型崩岗侵蚀剖面可蚀性因子初步分析

广东崩岗侵蚀区土壤可蚀性研究是认识崩岗侵蚀机制的重要环节,而不同粒级土壤颗粒组成、有机质含量与可蚀性因子K又是评价土壤可蚀性的重要参数.针对粤西典型红壤侵蚀区的两种不同侵蚀强度的花岗岩风化壳侵蚀土壤剖面,从垂向上研究了两种剖面中土壤颗粒组成特性、有机质空间变化,并利用USLE模型中的土壤可蚀性K因子修正方程计算了两种不同侵蚀程度剖面的可蚀性K因子,分析了三个指标与土壤侵蚀的关系,发现典型花岗岩区土壤侵蚀剖面的土壤颗粒组成、有机质和可蚀性K因子呈现较好的规律性,表现为:自剖面上部至下部,土壤颗粒组成逐渐变粗,土壤有机质质量分数递减,可蚀性K因子逐渐升高,三个指标在红土层与砂土层过渡区(剖面2～3 m深度范围)分界明显,界面上下含量相差悬殊;相同层位对比研究发现,强侵蚀剖面相对于弱侵蚀剖面,土壤的黏粒与土壤有机质质量分数更低,可蚀性K因子值更大;两剖面中三个指标的相关性研究表明,土壤黏粒、粉粒、有机质质量分数与土壤可蚀性K因子具有显著相关性.综合分析认为,在广东崩岗侵蚀区,不同粒级土壤颗粒组成、有机质含量及可蚀性K因子的空间变化均可有效地反映来源于花岗岩风化壳的土壤之可蚀性.     

南京市不同功能区PM10中多环芳烃的污染特征

PM10是衡量大气环境质量好坏的重要指标之一;多环芳烃(PAHs)是具有强烈致癌性的有机污染物,大多吸附在粒径小于10 μm颗粒物上.利用长期定位实验采集了南京市两典型功能区--大厂地区和山西路的PM10样品,对其PAHs质量浓度进行了分析测定,研究了不同功能区PM10中PAHs的时空污染特性.研究结果表明:南京市PM10污染比较严重,其质量浓度变化范围在0.1157 mg·m-3～0.3913 mg·m-3之间;经分析PM10中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)发现,全年大厂地区的PAHs的质量浓度与山西路PAHs的质量浓度没有明显的高低之分;PAHs总质量浓度的空间变化不明显,时间变化也没有规律性;比较PM10与PAHs的月平均质量浓度变化趋势,两者之间的变化没有相关性,各自的质量浓度变化也没有规律性,分析其结果可能是由于PAHs的不稳定性造成的.     

两种生物农药对土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响

采集海南省儋州市国家热带农业高新技术示范园土样中农田土样,在分析土壤基本理化性质的基础上,用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法测定法.研究了不同模拟条件下苏云金杆菌、井冈霉素A对土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响.结果表明:不同浓度、pH条件下这两种生物农药对土壤蔗糖酶表现出不同程度的激活作用.在30 d的培养时间内,苏云金杆菌(bacillus thuringiensis)对土壤蔗糖酶活性影响的趋势是激活→抑制→恢复,而且波动范围较大;井岗霉素A(jinggangmycin A)对土壤蔗糖酶活性影响程度相对较小,总的趋势是激活→抑制.总体来看,施用这两种生物农药有利于提高土壤蔗糖酶的活性.