食物源nC_(60)损害斑马鱼脑、鳃、肾和肝胰腺正常机能

水体中稳定存在的富勒烯纳米晶体(nC_(60))可被浮游动物滤食,并通过食物链传递到更高营养级生物。为探究食物源nC_(60)的生物效应,本试验选取携带nC_(60)的大型溞喂养斑马鱼21 d,考察了食物源nC_(60)对斑马鱼脑、鳃、肾和肝胰腺4个器官中ROS、Na~+K~+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性等指标,用以评价食物源nC_(60)对斑马鱼的机能影响。暴露于食物源nC_(60)下的结果表明:斑马鱼脑ROS随时间增加而增加,暴露21 d后增加了79.17%。鳃、肾Na~+K~+-ATPase活性随暴露时间增加而降低,暴露21 d后分别降低了47.09%和51.07%;鳃、肾Ca2+-ATPase活性随暴露时间增加而减少,暴露21 d后分别降低了28.28%和35.13%。鳃、肾、肝胰腺AKP活性随时间增加而增加,暴露21 d后分别增加45.97%、26.68%和83.01%;鳃、肾、肝胰腺ACP活性随时间增加而增加,暴露21 d后分别增加38.85%、84.12%和55.77%。肝胰腺GPT和GOT活性随时间增加而降低,暴露21 d后各降低了50.05%和76.50%。本研究不但阐述了食物源nC_(60)降低高一级水生动物(斑马鱼)脑、鳃、肾和肝胰腺的正常机能,而且为进一步研究食物源nC_(60)对水生生物的生态毒理提供了部分基础数据。     

基于人体可给性的重金属污染场地健康风险评价

《国家环境与健康行动计划》(2007—2015)文件指出要提高环境与健康风险评估能力。将基于体外模拟实验的人体可给性应用于污染场地健康风险评估,能够一定程度克服以污染物总量为基准进行风险核算的保守性问题。本研究利用相对可利用度修正毒性参数(经口参考剂量、经口致癌斜率),并对其合理性进行了分析,同时推导了筛选值和致癌风险值/危害商的计算公式。建议:(1)建立符合不同土壤类型的人体可给性方法;(2)建立基于关键影响因子的人体可给性预测模型和基于人体可给性的相对可利用度预测模型;(3)优化健康风险评价计算模型。旨在权衡"污染场地再利用"经济效益和人体健康的关系,完善重金属污染场的健康风险评价体系。     

Antimony leaching release from brake pads: Effect of pH,temperature and organic acids

Metals from automotive brake pads pollute water, soils and the ambient air. The environmental effect on water of antimony(Sb) contained in brake pads has been largely untested. The content of Sb in one abandoned brake pad reached up to 1.62 × 104mg/kg.Effects of initial p H, temperature and four organic acids(acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and humic acid) on Sb release from brake pads were studied using batch reactors.Approximately 30%(97 mg/L) of the total Sb contained in the brake pads was released in alkaline aqueous solution and at higher temperature after 30 days of leaching. The organic acids tested restrained Sb release, especially acetic acid and oxalic acid. The p H-dependent concentration change of Sb in aqueous solution was best fitted by a logarithmic function. In addition, Sb contained in topsoil from land where brake pads were discarded(average9 × 103mg/kg) was 3000 times that in uncontaminated soils(2.7 ± 1 mg/kg) in the same areas. Because potentially high amounts of Sb may be released from brake pads, it is important that producers and environmental authorities take precautions.? 2015 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

凌河保护区综合管理的洪水模拟预报研究

近年来,水文部门根据降水预报,探索流域洪水模拟预报,对密切监视暴雨洪水、做好防汛调度决策起到良好作用。文章在统计分析小凌河多年暴雨洪水的基础上,采用不同雨级平均24 h时段比率,进行凌河保护区洪水模拟预报成果编制研究。构建"以流域为单元、以干流为主线、以水库和河道水文站为控制节点"的流域河库联合模拟预报调度成果图表,实现流域水系河库模拟预报调度。通过科学的实时洪水调度可以调蓄洪水,减轻洪水灾害。同时,也可为流域洪水资源化提供保障和科学依据,实现流域的综合管理。     

太湖风生流水动力时空差异特征研究

为研究太湖的流场结构,更好实施引清调水方案改善太湖水质。在确定太湖四季主导风向及其平均风速的基础上,采用有限体积Godunov型通量差分裂(FDS)格式构建太湖水动力模型,并得到了实测流场的良好验证。并进一步研究各季节各湖区的流动规律,确定太湖风生流水动力时空差异特征。结果表明:太湖风生流流态特征主要与风向、风速有关;不同季节平均流速由大到小分别为:冬季、春季、秋季、夏季;从不同的湖区看,湖岸区最大、湖湾区次之、湖心区最小。由此可选择冬季、湖岸区实施调水方案改善太湖水质。     

我国燃煤电厂除尘技术路线选择问题分析

通过文献调研分析了影响我国燃煤电厂除尘技术路线选择的主要问题,从煤质含硫量、粉尘比电阻、粉尘粒径分布三方面研究结果表明电除尘技术对我国煤种的适应性较差,无法满足严格的排放标准;另外,通过前人对比不同除尘方式协同脱汞效果和对下游设备保护作用的研究成果,结果表明袋式除尘器具有更好的协同脱汞作用,更高的除尘效率并赋予湿法脱硫设备长期可靠运行。     

Spatial variations of macrozoobenthos and sediment nutrients in Lake Yangcheng: Emphasis on effect of pen culture of Chinese mitten crab

We determined the effect of Chinese mitten crab (CMC) pen culture on the quantified spatial distribution of the macrozoobenthic community and sediment nutrients in Lake Yangcheng. Redundancy analysis indicated that water temperature, macrophyte occurrence, sediment type, and crab culture were the main environmental factors that influence the spatiotemporal macrozoobenthic distribution. Macrozoobenthic assemblages in the lake were characterized by eutrophic indicator species. In the most polluted estuaries, the abundance and diversity indices of the whole community and abundance of chironomids and oligochaetes were significantly depressed, and sediment carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) were significantly enhanced compared with those in the western, middle (MB), and eastern basin (EB). Crab culture in this lake had significant effects on the species composition of the macrozoobenthic community in one of three CMC culture pens (CP), and generally depressed the abundance of most chironomid and oligochaete species. Significantly increased diversity, evenness, sediment carbon and nitrogen content, and sediment C:P ratio in the CP were found compared with those in the three basins. However, no conspicuous difference in sediment P content between the CP and the two basins of MB and EB was detected. Our results showed that the enhanced diversity and evenness of macrozoobenthos might be associated with the joint effect of macrophyte planting and crab predation, and macrophyte planting may modify the effects of CMC culture by leading to disproportional accumulation of C and N in the sediment relative to P in the CP of the lake.     

Interactive response of photosynthetic characteristics in Haloxylon ammodendron and Hedysarum scoparium exposed to soil water and air vapor pressure deficits

C₄ plants possess better drought tolerance than C₃ plants. However, Hedysarum scoparium, a C₃ species, is dominant and widely distributed in the desert areas of northwestern China due to its strong drought tolerance. This study compared it with Haloxylon ammodendron, a C₄ species, regarding the interactive effects of drought stress and different leaf–air vapor pressure deficits. Variables of interest included gas exchange, the activity levels of key C₄ photosynthetic enzymes, and cellular anatomy. In both species, gas exchange parameters were more sensitive to high vapor pressure deficit than to strong water stress, and the net CO₂ assimilation rate (A_n) was enhanced as vapor pressure deficits increased. A close relationship between A_n and stomatal conductance (g_s) suggested that the species shared a similar response mechanism. In H. ammodendron, the activity levels of key C₄ enzymes were higher, including those of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malate enzyme (NADP-ME), whereas in H. scoparium, the activity level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate enzyme (NAD-ME) was higher. Meanwhile, H. scoparium utilized adaptive structural features, including a larger relative vessel area and a shorter distance from vein to stomata, which facilitated the movement of water. These findings implied that some C₄ biochemical pathways were present in H. scoparium to respond to environmental challenges.