Aerosol optical properties under different pollution levels in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China

To clarify the aerosol hygroscopic growth and optical properties of the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,integrated observations were conducted in Heshan City of Guangdong Province from October 19 to November 17,2014.The concentrations and chemical compositions of PM_(2.5),aerosol optical properties and meteorological parameters were measured.The mean value of PM_(2.5) increased from less than 35(excellent) to 35-75 μg/m~3(good) and then to greater than 75 μg/m~3(pollution),corresponding to mean PM_(2.5) values of 24.9,51.2,and 93.3 μg/m~3,respectively.The aerosol scattering hygroscopic growth factor(f(RH = 80%)) values were 2.0,2.12,and 2.18 for the excellent,good,and pollution levels,respectively.The atmospheric extinction coefficient(σext)and the absorption coefficient of aerosols(σ_(ap)) increased,and the single scattering albedo(SSA)decreased from the excellent to the pollution levels.For different air mass sources,under excellent and good levels,the land air mass from northern Heshan had lower f(RH) and σ_(sp) values.In addition,the mixed aerosol from the sea and coastal cities had lower f(RH) and showed that the local sources of coastal cities have higher scattering characteristics in pollution periods.     

Phosphate recovery with granular acid-activated neutralized red mud: Fixed-bed column performance and breakthrough curve modelling

Granular acid-activated neutralized red mud (AaN-RM) has been successfully prepared with good chemical stability and physical strength. However, its potential for industrial application remains unknown. Therefore, the performance of granular AaN-RM for phosphate recovery in a fixed-bed column was investigated. The results demonstrated that the phosphate adsorption performance of granular AaN-RM in a fixed-bed column was affected by various operational parameters, such as the bed depth, flow rate, initial solution pH and initial phosphate concentration. With the optimal empty-bed contact time (EBCT) of 24.27 min, the number of processed bed volumes and the phosphate adsorption capacity reached 496.95 and 84.80 mg/g, respectively. Then, the saturated fixed-bed column could be effectively regenerated with a 0.5 mol/L HCl solution. The desorption efficiency remained as high as 83.45% with a low weight loss of 3.57% in the fifth regeneration cycle. In addition, breakthrough curve modelling showed that a 5-9-1 feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) could be effectively applied for the optimization of the fixed-bed adsorption system; the coefficient of determination (R²) and the root mean square error (RMSE) evaluated on the validation-testing data were 0.9987 and 0.0183, respectively. Therefore, granular AaN-RM fixed-bed adsorption exhibits promising potential for phosphate removal and recovery from polluted water.     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.     

Development of a static test apparatus for evaluating the performance of three PM2.5 separators commonly used in China

PM_(2.5) separator directly affects the accuracy of PM_(2.5) sampling.The specification testing and evaluation for PM_(2.5) separator is particularly important,especially under China's wide variation of terrain and climate.In this study,first a static test apparatus based on polydisperse aerosol was established and calibrated to evaluate the performance of the PM_(2.5) separators.A uniform mixing chamber was developed to make particles mix completely.The aerosol concentration relative standard deviations of three test points at the same horizontal chamber position were less than 0.57%,and the particle size distribution obeyed logarithmic normal distribution with an R~2 of 0.996.The flow rate deviation between the measurement and the set point flow rate agreed to within ± 1.0% in the range of -40 to 50℃.Secondly,the separation,flow and loading characteristics of three cyclone separators(VSCC-A,SCC-A and SCC112) were evaluated using this system.The results showed that the 50% cutoff sizes(D_(50)) of the three cyclones were 2.48,2.47 and 2.44 μm when worked at the manufacturer's recommended flow rates,respectively.The geometric standard deviation(GSD) of the capture efficiency of VSCCA was 1.23,showed a slightly sharper than SCC-A(GSD = 1.27),while the SCC112 did not meet the relevant indicator(GSD = 1.2 ± 0.1) with a GSD = 1.44.The flow rate and loading test had a great effect on D_(50),while the GSD remained almost the same as before.In addition,the maintenance frequency under different air pollution conditions of the cyclones was summarized according to the loading test.     

固体样品六价铬的检测比对和验证

采用碱溶液提取/火焰原子吸收法(HJ 687—2014《固体废物六价铬的测定 碱消解/火焰原子吸收分光光度法》和HJ 1082—2019《土壤和沉积物 六价铬的测定 碱溶液提取-火焰原子吸收分光光度法》)测定了固体废物和土壤样品中六价铬含量,比对和验证了2种方法实验流程、分析方法性能及不确定度评定结果。结果表明:HJ 687—2014的方法检出限相对较高,不适合测定浓度较低的土壤;HJ 1082—2019要求按照试样制备的步骤配置工作曲线,考虑了基体干扰的影响。HJ 687—2014的检出限为0.28 mg/kg,相对标准偏差为0.69%~0.93%,样品加标回收率为95.7%~97.2%;HJ 1082—2019的检出限为0.17 mg/kg,相对标准偏差为0.6%~3.0%,样品加标回收率为76.0%~83.1%。对于同一实际样品,2种方法的测定结果相近,HJ 687—2014和HJ 1082—2019的测定结果分别为(48.1±4.2),(46.6±5.4) mg/kg。比对发现,影响HJ 687—2014和HJ 1082—2019不确定度的最主要环节分别为曲线拟合和样品消解。     

白洋淀流域地表水化学特征及控制因素

为探究半干旱区地表水化学特征及物质来源,以白洋淀流域为研究对象,利用Piper三线图和Gibbs水岩模型,对地表水的主要离子组成特征及其来源进行分析。结果表明:白洋淀流域地表水pH为7.56~8.23时,呈弱碱性,且溶解性总固体（TDS,100~650 mg/L）在流域的不同空间区域表现为淀区 > 下游 > 上游。白洋淀流域地表水阳离子以Na+和Ca2+为主,离子总量占比76.60%;阴离子以HCO₃-为主,约占阴离子总量61.52%。地表水的水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca型（上游水体）和HCO₃·SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca型（下游河流和淀区）。白洋淀水文地球化学过程受到人类活动和自然作用的双重控制;自然作用下,白洋淀流域地表水中的离子来源于岩石风化（碳酸盐岩及硅酸盐岩的风化溶解）,同时受到蒸发-结晶作用影响。     

全球海洋初级生产力与海洋环境要素时空关联模式挖掘分析

全球海洋初级生产力在海洋环境要素的驱动下呈现不同的时空分布特征,但在不同的海域两者之间的关联模式并不清晰。本文从地理时空规则挖掘的角度,利用1998年1月—2016年12月之间的序列多源遥感产品数据,探讨了全球海洋初级生产力和海洋表面温度、海面高度异常、海面降雨、混合层深度和ENSO（El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation）事件的时空关联模式。研究结果表明:1）在西赤道太平洋,海面高度异常降低、海面降雨异常降低和混合层深度异常升高会提升真光层营养盐供应,致使海洋初级生产力的异常升高。2）在中赤道太平洋,海面高度异常升高、海面降雨异常升高和混合层深度异常降低会抑制真光层营养盐供应,致使海洋初级生产力的异常降低。3）在东赤道太平洋,海面高度异常升高和海面降雨异常升高会抑制真光层营养盐供应、混合层深度异常升高降低了铁元素含量,从而导致海洋初级生产力的异常降低。4）在南太平洋,浮游植物丰度与营养盐呈负相关,海洋表面温度异常升高/异常降低会提升/抑制微生物光合作用效率、海面高度的异常升高/异常降低会抑制/提升真光层营养盐供应,致使海洋初级生产力的异常升高/异常降低。5）厄尔尼诺事件相较于拉尼娜事件更容易引起海洋初级生产力的异常变化。     

南京八卦洲农用地表层土壤重金属分布特征及风险评价

为查明南京八卦洲土壤重金属污染物类型及其影响范围,于2017年12月在洲内采集了471个表层土壤样品,测定了pH及As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等8种重金属元素浓度,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行了污染风险评价。研究结果表明:As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn平均浓度分别为10.66、0.32、86.74、43.25、0.10、40.34、33.50和108.33 mg·kg-1,除As、Hg元素外,其余6种元素均超过南京市背景值,出现大范围的富集;Cd元素为研究区主要污染物,绝大部分为Ⅱ级轻微污染,均分布于八卦洲服务区附近的中、酸性土覆盖区,需做好安全利用措施。从全区来看研究区大部分农用地土壤处于安全生产级别,仅有少部分区域处于Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级风险水平,总体上潜在生态危害较低。     

南海浮游植物对沙尘和灰霾添加的响应

通过2016年5月~6月在南海3个站位开展的船基围隔培养实验,研究了沙尘和灰霾添加对南海浮游植物生长和群落结构变化的影响.结果发现,沙尘和灰霾添加由于提供了N、P等营养盐,整体上促进了浮游植物的生长,且促进程度与添加量密切相关.通过定量计算营养盐指数和叶绿素a累积浓度,发现培养期间叶绿素a累积浓度与沙尘添加浓度呈显著正相关关系（R²=0.87,P<0.01）;低浓度灰霾添加的作用与沙尘添加类似（R²=0.91,P<0.01）,但当灰霾浓度增大时,叶绿素a累积浓度的增加受到一定程度的抑制,这可能与灰霾中含有较高含量的毒性物质有关.各粒级浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的变化表明,沙尘和低浓度灰霾添加使浮游植物优势种群由超微型向小型和微型转变;在高浓度灰霾添加组,由于营养盐与毒性物质的综合作用,浮游植物粒级结构变化不明显.超微型浮游植物细胞丰度测定结果表明,沙尘对聚球藻、原绿球藻和超微型真核浮游植物均表现出促进作用,高浓度灰霾添加能够抑制聚球藻和超微型真核浮游植物的生长.     

牛粪-化肥配施对水稻田氮磷迁移转化的影响

在控制外源N输入量相同的前提下,通过田间小区实验,探讨有机肥与化肥不同施用量（牛粪施用量：5,10,20t/hm²）对稻田田间土-水界面氮磷迁移转化特征的影响.结果表明：控制稻田水中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TN和TP输出的最佳时期分别为施肥后的第5,30,7,20d,且TN和TP浓度随时间变化符合单指数衰减方程（0.7444≤R²≤0.9724;1.1×10^-6≤F≤0.0055）.采用牛粪部分代替化肥的施肥方式,在一定范围内能降低稻田退水中TN、TP输出负荷（41.8%、36.0%、64.3%;20.3%、39.1%、48.9%）,还可以降低稻田水中N/P,降低水体富营养化风险.同时,牛粪的施用可提高土壤中脲酶和磷酸酶的含量,促进氮磷向植物可吸收形态转化.综合经济成本和生态效益核算,采用10t有机肥代替无机肥的处理是相对经济环保的施肥方法,该施肥方式下,氮磷年输出负荷分别为17.70,1.26kg/hm².