Generation rates and emission factors of particulate matter and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of incense sticks

The generation rates and emission factors of particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from incense burning were assessed in a laboratory setting. The differences among different segments of the same stick, among different sticks of the same kind of incense, and between two kinds of manually made Chih-Chen incense sticks (A and B) were evaluated. Joss sticks were burned inside a 44 cm long elutriator; personal environmental monitors fitted into the top of the elutriator were used to take PM2.5 and PM10 samples of incense smoke. Samples were analyzed for PAHs by gas chromatography-flame ionization Detector. It was found that particle and associated PAHs were generated approximately at 561 microg/min (geometric standard deviation (GSD) = 1.1) and 0.56 microg/min (GSD = 1.1) from Incense A, and at 661 microg/min (GSD = 1.7) and 0.46 microg/min (GSD = 1.3) from Incense B, respectively. One gram of Incense A emitted about 19.8 mg (GSD = 1.1) particulate matter and 17.1 microg (GSD = 1.2) particulate-phase PAHs, while one gram of Incense B produced around 43.6 mg (GSD = 1.1) of particles and 25.2 microg (GSD = 1.2) of particle-bound PAHs. There were significant differences in emissions between Incenses A and B, although they belong to the same class of incense. A 10-20% variability in emissions was observed in the main part of the manually produced stick, and a larger variation was found at both tips of the combustible part.     

污泥淋溶器的改进对重金属淋溶行为的影响

为增强污泥淋溶器固定污泥重金属的效果,降低其淋滤液中重金属含量从而更加安全地农业利用,在前期研究基础上对污泥淋溶器进行了改进,实验不同高度开孔和在污泥中间垂直放置黑网两个改进措施。研究表明,距淋溶器底部2 cm处开孔,污泥淋滤液的Cd和Cu总量显著低于底部开孔(原始污泥淋溶器)。淋溶器底部2 cm 形成厌(缺)氧层使得下层硫化物态Zn、Cd和Cu含量显著高于孔的上层,提高了污泥重金属的生物稳定性。添加中间黑网可显著降低污泥淋滤液Cu总量。上述污泥淋溶器的两个改进措施均可有效固定污泥中某些重金属,减小污泥淋滤液重金属累计总量,促进污泥淋滤液更安全农用。     

吹脱法去除深度脱水污泥水中的氨氮

针对污水处理厂剩余污泥深度脱水污泥水高氨氮、高pH、高碱度的特点,考察了气水比、水温和吹脱时间对其氨氮吹脱效果的影响,分析了吹脱过程中污泥水pH下降和结垢问题。深度脱水污泥水高pH和高碱度的环境有利于氨氮吹脱的顺利进行,而提高气水比和温度均能改善吹脱效率。氨氮吹脱会造成污泥水pH下降,这有助于其后续处理。污泥水吹脱过程中还出现了Ca2+浓度下降和固体物质析出的现象,能谱分析结果显示析出物主要成分为CaCO3。     

硫酸活化市政污泥吸附Pb2+

以城市污水厂脱水剩余污泥为原材料,采用硫酸活化法制备活化剩余污泥,讨论了溶液初始pH、铅离子的浓度、接触时间和吸附剂投加量等因素对处理含铅废水效能影响,探讨了其吸附动力学特征.结果表明,活化剩余污泥对铅离子有较好吸附效果,10 min内吸附率达到75%,45 min内吸附基本达到平衡,在偏酸性或中性条件下,吸附容量随着初始pH增大而增大.采用4种动力学方程(准一级吸附动力学方程、准二级吸附动力学方程、颗粒扩散吸附动力学方程、Elovich动力学方程)对其吸附数据进行吸附动力学拟合,通过分析得出,准二级吸附动力学方程能较好地反映该吸附过程,其相关系数R2均达到0.999以上.     

臭氧氧化处理养猪场厌氧沼液

实验在MAP沉淀处理的基础上,采用臭氧氧化技术对养猪场厌氧沼液进行处理。研究了氧化过程中臭氧的投加量、反应时间对沼液pH、COD和UV254的去除效果、沼液可生化性、氮形态转化的影响。结果表明,在臭氧氧化过程中,随着反应时间的延长,沼液pH呈逐渐下降的趋势。在臭氧投加量为6 mg/L、反应时间为40 min时,COD和UV254去除率达到最大,分别为21.7%和60%。此外,臭氧氧化能把BOD5/COD的比值从0.24提高为0.41,有效提高了沼液的可生化性。在臭氧投加量为6 mg/L、反应时间为2 h时,TN的浓度基本维持在370~410 mg/L之间,氨氮浓度随时间呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,且最终维持在132.7 mg/L,然而,硝态氮浓度反而升高了近一倍,由此可见,臭氧氧化不能完全脱氮,只能使氮从一种形态转化为另一种形态。     

Suppressing SO3 formation in copper smelting flue gas by ejecting pyrite into flue

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - SO3 in the copper smelting flue gas not only causes serious corrosion in heat exchange and dust collection equipment but also increases the amount of...     

Field-scale leaching of arsenic, chromium and copper from weathered treated wood

Earlier studies documented the loss of wood preservatives from new wood. The objective of this study was to evaluate losses from weathered treated wood under field conditions by collecting rainfall leachate from 5 different wood types, all with a surface area of 0.21 m². Wood samples included weathered chromate copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood at low (2.7 kg/m³), medium (4.8 kg/m³) and high (35.4 kg/m³) retention levels, new alkaline copper quat (ACQ) treated wood (1.1 kg/m³ as CuO) and new untreated wood. Arsenic was found to leach at a higher rate (100 mg in 1 year for low retention) than chromium and copper (<40 mg) in all CCA-treated wood samples. Copper leached at the highest rate from the ACQ sample (670 mg). Overall results suggest that metals' leaching is a continuous process driven by rainfall, and that the mechanism of release from the wood matrix changes as wood weathers.     

Damage to DNA caused by UV-B radiation in the desert cyanobacterium Scytonema javanicum and the effects of exogenous chemicals on the process

Radiation with UV-B increased the damage to DNA in Scytonema javanicum, a desert-dwelling soil microorganism, and the level of damage varied with the intensity of UV-B radiation and duration of exposure. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) also increased because of the radiation. Different exogenous chemicals (ascorbate acid, ASC; N-acetylcysteine, NAC; glyphosate, GPS; and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, MCPA-Na) differed in their effect on the extent of DNA damage and ROS production: whereas NAC and ASC protected the DNA from damage and resulted in reduced ROS production, the herbicides (GPS and MCPA-Na) increased the extent of damage, lowered the rate of photosynthesis, and differed in their effect on ROS production. The chemicals probably have different mechanisms to exercise their effects: NAC and ASC probably function as antioxidant agents or as precursors of other antioxidant molecules that protect the DNA and photosynthetic apparatus directly from the ROS produced as a result of UV-B radiation, and GPS and MCPA-Na probably disrupt the normal metabolism in S. javanicum to induce the leaking of ROS into the photosynthetic electron transfer pathway following UV-B radiation, and thereby damage the DNA. Such mechanisms have serious implications for the use of environment-friendly herbicides, which, because they can destroy DNA, may prove harmful to soil microorganisms.     

Decomposition analysis of PM2.5 emissions based on LMDI and Tapio decoupling model: study of Hunan and Guangdong

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This paper takes energy consumption PM2.5 emission as research object, and quantitatively analyzes the PM2.5 emission level in Hunan and Guangdong...