膜生物反应器中EPS的提取方法

以一体式膜生物反应器(MBR)中的活性污泥为对象,以蛋白质、多糖和核酸的提取量作为污泥中附着性胞外聚合物(B-EPS)提取总量的衡量指标,研究了加热法、超声法、NaOH+甲醛法、高速离心法、蒸汽法、硫酸法等6种不同方法对B-EPS提取的最优条件;并在最优提取条件下对B-EPS提取总量进行比较分析,确定最佳B-EPS提取方法。结果表明:超声提取法、高速离心提取法、蒸汽提取法、硫酸提取法对B-EPS的提取总量较低;NaOH+甲醛法对B-EPS的提取总量虽然较高,但易导致测定出现误差,且抽滤时有结晶,影响操作;加热法对B-EPS提取效果较好,对细胞破坏程度小,且操作过程简单。因此,确定加热法为B-EPS的最佳提取方法。     

复合矿物吸附剂处理模拟含油废水性能研究

采用共混合法制备复合矿物吸附剂,通过矿物粉末对模拟含油废水COD的去除效果及复合矿物吸附剂质量散失率确定其组分的最佳配比。考察了吸附时间、振荡速率、废水pH、吸附剂用量等因素对模拟含油废水COD去除效果的影响。结果表明:制备复合矿物吸附剂最佳焙烧温度为600℃,最佳焙烧时间3 h,对模拟含油废水中COD的去除率可达90%以上。     

北京地区典型二噁英(PCDDs)及多氯联苯(PCBs)的长距离传输潜力——基于TaPL3模型的应用研究

以典型二噁英(PCDDs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)为研究对象,利用TaPL3模型模拟计算了稳态假设下北京地区4种PCDDs和7种PCBs通过大气和水体的长距离迁移潜力(LRTP)和总持久性(Pov),比较了不同氯取代数的特征迁移距离(CTD)和Pov的大小,分析讨论了二者之间的关系,并以PCB180为例对关键参数进行了灵敏度分析.结果表明,4种PCDDs和7种PCBs在北京地区通过大气的CTDair范围分别为714—874 km和1771—8517 km,Povair范围分别为1422—5169 d和1210—35687 d;通过水体的CTDwater范围分别为1232—1385km和643—4222 km,Povwater范围分别为4900—5618 d和1831—35922 d.对于PCDDs,CTD和Pov基本上随着氯取代数目的增加而增大;对于PCBs,Pov的变化规律与PCDDs类似,而通过大气和通过水体的CTD的变化规律不同.CTD和Pov没有表现出直接的关系.与国内外同类研究相比,北京地区的结果和国外接近,但高于兰州地区通过大气的CTDair,低于通过水体的CTDwater.     

A GIS-based moving window analysis of landscape pattern in the Beijing metropolitan area,China

Quantifying landscape pattern and its change is essential for monitoring and assessment of ecological consequences of urbanization. Using the GIS-based land-use data for 2002, we combined moving window analysis along an urban-rural gradient and around the urban centre with landscape metrics to quantify the spatial pattern of urbanization in Beijing. The results of moving window analysis along the urban-rural gradient indicated that, for class-level metrics, the spatial pattern of urbanization could be quantified using landscape metrics, different land-use types exhibited distinctive spatial signatures, and, for landscape-level metrics, the increase in urbanization in the metropolitan Beijing region has resulted in dramatic increases in patch density (PD), edge density (ED), and patch and landscape shape complexity, and sharp decreases in the largest and mean patch size (MPS), agriculture land-use type, and landscape connectivity. The results of moving window analysis around the urban centre showed that the direction of urbanization could be quantified using the class-level metrics, and landscape-level metrics indicated similar results to gradient analysis. In general, moving window analysis showed that the increasingly urbanized landscape became compositionally more diverse, geometrically more complex, and ecologically more fragmented.     

全氟及多氟类化合物在人体分布及其毒性研究进展

全氟和多氟烷酸类化合物(perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs)是一类新型持久性有机污染物,目前其在民用和工业产品中得到广泛应用。在环境样品、野生动物以及人类体内都检测到了这类物质。PFASs对哺乳动物和水生生物具有广泛的毒性,其对生态环境和人体健康的影响受到公众关注。目前,PFASs对人类健康的研究还多停留在流行病学研究和体外细胞毒性研究方面,由于人类有复杂的免疫和代谢系统,因此PPASs对人类健康影响的具体机制和安全剂量仍然需要进一步研究。本文针对PFASs在人体的分布、流行病学研究、毒理学效应和作用机制等热点问题进行了总结,并对目前PFASs研究存在的问题及今后的研究方向进行讨论和展望。     

水稻基因类型与生长环境对精米中砷积累的影响

砷(As)是动植物非必需的有毒类金属。水稻是对As有较强吸收和富集能力的大宗粮食作物,大米的食用是我国及东南亚地区人体暴露As的最主要途径,严重威胁人体健康。水稻籽粒中As的积累与水稻的基因型及众多环境因子密切相关,而且表现出复杂的交互作用。在浙江省选择了不同土壤砷背景值的5块水稻田,同时在嘉兴市农科院布置了人工添加As的盆栽实验,比较了20个水稻品种在这6个实验点的精米中As含量。结果表明,水稻基因型与环境及其相互作用对水稻籽粒中As的积累均有极显著影响,并且筛选得到了5个精米中As含量较低的基因型:秀水128、秀水09、秀水134、甬粳16和Y-05-8。     

缺氧对贝类的胁迫效应及对其免疫系统的影响

基于缺氧对贝类养殖的危害,从贝类免疫系统角度总结了近年来围绕缺氧胁迫对其细胞免疫和体液免疫系统的相关因子影响的研究。从缺氧对与细胞免疫功能相关的血细胞总数(THC)、吞噬活性和细胞活性氧(ROS)含量、以及参与体液免疫的溶酶体酶、抗氧化物酶、抗氧化因子、酚氧化酶等多种免疫因子的影响,概括了缺氧对贝类免疫系统影响的一般规律。本文不仅能为衡量贝类所在水域的环境变化提供科学依据,还能为围绕贝类在缺氧胁迫下生理适应性机制的相关研究奠定基础。     

利用SOS/umu测试方法鉴定沙颍河河水中的遗传毒性物质

采用HPLC分割导向的SOS/umu测试方法鉴定了沙颍河河水中的遗传毒性物质。当采用TA1535/pSK1002菌株测定HPLC分割的各馏分时,如果不经大鼠肝微粒体酶(S9)代谢活化,只有馏分F10显示遗传毒性,加入大鼠肝微粒体酶代谢活化后,馏分F10和馏分F15都显示有遗传毒性,说明河水中存在某些需经过大鼠肝微粒体酶代谢活化才能显示出遗传毒性的物质。当采用过量表达O-乙酰转移酶(O-AT),对芳香胺类物质和硝基芳烃化合物有特殊响应的NM2009菌株测定时,馏分F8、F9和F10均呈现遗传毒性;特别是对于馏分F10,用NM2009菌株测定的遗传毒性远高于原始菌,说明这3个馏分中都含有芳香胺类或硝基芳烃类物质。     

Gridded usage inventories of chlordane in China

Chlordane (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7, 7a-tetra-hydro-4,7-methanoindane) is one of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) which has been listed as one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to be reduced and finally eliminated in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, because of its great persistence, toxicity, bio-accumulation and long-range transport potential. It is critical to create a national chlordane usage inventories for China to compile chlordane emission inventories, which is helpful for carrying out risk assessments and other researches related to chlordane in China. The annual data of chlordane usage was calculated and modified in accordance with the reported annual production of chlordane which was caculated on the basis of the termite distribution, the data of chlordane usage rate and the annual new construction area (NCA).With the help of Geographic Information System, the usage data of this NCA were allocated to a grid system then, with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution and a size for each grid cell of approximately 25 km by 25 km. Between 1988 and 2008, the total usage of chlordane in China was 2745 t, accounting for approximately 80% of the production in the same period. Zhejiang Province was the largest consumer of chlordane in China, whose usage adds up to 980 t, greatly exceeding other provinces/regions, followed by Jiangsu Province (534 t) and Sichuan Province (428 t). The region with the least usage of chlordane was Beijing. Provinces of Guizhou, Henan and Hebei did not use any chlordane, even though termites had occurred in these provinces. Gridded usage inventories showed that the intensive use of chlordane was concentrated in the southeast part of China, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta in particular. The satisfaction of the inventories was supported by the consistence between the estimated data of annual usage and the reported annual production of chlordane, and by the consistence between distribution pattern of chlordane’s usage and ambient air concentration.     

The effect of preparation conditions of Pt/Al2O3 on its catalytic performance for the H2-SCR in the presence of oxygen

Selective catalytic reduction of NO _x by H₂ in the presence of oxygen has been investigated over Pt/ Al₂O₃ catalysts pre-treated under different conditions. Catalyst preparation conditions exert significant influence on the catalytic performance, and the catalyst pre-treated by H₂ or H₂ then followed by O₂ is much more active than that pre-treated by air. The higher surface area and the presence of metallic Pt over Pt/Al₂O₃ pre-treated by H₂ or pretreated by H₂ then followed by O₂ can contribute to the formation of NO₂, which then promotes the reaction to proceed at low temperatures.