航空电子设备大气中子单粒子效应故障率预计方法

本文分析了航空电子设备大气中子单粒子效应防护技术的国际系列标准现状,首次提出了一套航空电子设备大气中子单粒子效应故障率预计方法,阐述了其计算原理、计算程序与计算案例。验证案例表明,地面模拟试验值与三个不同数据来源的预计值在一定的误差范围以内,可以为在飞机全寿命周期过程中及时发现中子单粒子效应故障对设备的危害影响提供一个必要的定量计算工具。     

溶解性有机质(DOM)对不同浓度卡马西平在蒙脱土上吸附行为的影响

为探究溶解性有机质(DOM)对药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)类污染物吸附过程的影响,以卡马西平(CBZ)为目标污染物,以蒙脱土为介质,用商用腐殖酸(HA)制备DOM,开展吸附实验,并采用紫外-可见光吸收光谱和红外光谱表征等手段,研究了DOM对不同浓度CBZ在蒙脱土上吸附影响的差异及机制.等温吸附实验结果显示:DOM对不同浓度CBZ吸附影响方式不同.CBZ浓度较低时(0.2—1.5 mg·L~(-1)),DOM对CBZ的吸附表现为抑制作用,吸附等温线为L型;浓度较高时(5—40 mg·L~(-1))表现为由抑制转为促进作用,吸附等温线为C型.结合表征结果分析认为,CBZ浓度是影响DOM存在下CBZ吸附行为的主要因素.DOM与低浓度CBZ的结合能力弱,此时大分子量DOM与CBZ竞争有限的吸附位点,小分子量DOM与CBZ结合起到增溶作用,而DOM中以大分子量物质为主,因而DOM对CBZ的吸附抑制作用增强,形成L型吸附等温线;DOM与高浓度CBZ的结合能力较强,结合物质的分子量随CBZ浓度升高而逐渐增大,进而引起共吸附和累积吸附现象产生,在蒙脱土上形成的新的活性吸附位点,从而导致CBZ的吸附促进作用随污染物浓度的升高而增强,形成C型吸附等温线.     

我国煤炭生产重心与消费重心演变轨迹研究

利用重心模型,分别测算了1997—2009年我国煤炭生产重心与消费重心的动态变化轨迹,从方向和距离两方面对其进行了对比分析,探讨了煤炭生产重心与消费重心相互偏离的影响。研究表明,我国煤炭生产重心从剧烈不规则运动到剧烈向西南移动,最后平稳向西北转移,煤炭消费重心平缓地呈现出＂西进南移＂的趋势。两者在经度上收敛,纬度上背离,直线距离从1997年的182km增加到2009年的283km;两者间的背离改变了区域煤炭运输格局,加剧了煤炭运输的难度。     

Broadband UV spectroscopy system used for monitoring of SO2 and NO emissions from thermal power plants

A gas monitoring system based on broadband absorption spectroscopic techniques in the ultraviolet region is described and tested. The system was employed in real-time continuous concentration measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitric oxide (NO) from a 220-ton h^?1 circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler in Shandong province, China. The emission coefficients (per kg of coal and per kWh of electricity) and the total emission of the two pollutant gases were evaluated. The measurement results showed that the emission concentrations of SO₂ and NO from the CFB boiler fluctuated in the range of 750–1300 mg m^?3 and 100–220 mg m^?3, respectively. Compared with the specified emission standards of air pollutants from thermal power plants in China, the values were generally higher for SO₂ and lower for NO. The relatively high emission concentrations of SO₂ were found to mainly depend on the sulfur content of the fuel and the poor desulfurization efficiency. This study indicates that the broadband UV spectroscopy system is suitable for industrial emission monitoring and pollution control.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备复合光催化剂（MWNTs/ TiO2）工艺条件的研究

以多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）为载体,在煅烧温度200~900℃、煅烧时间1~7 h、溶胶体系pH值为2~10的工艺条件下,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备复合光催化剂（MWNTs/TiO₂）。通过其对甲基橙的光催化降解效果对比,评价各种复合光催化剂催化活性之间的差异,结果表明,随着煅烧温度的升高,复合光催化剂中纳米TiO₂的晶型由锐钛型逐渐向金红石型转变,500℃时为2种晶型的混合相;pH值为2的强酸性条件有利于形成金红石晶型,pH值为5的中性及弱酸性条件则有利于形成锐钛型,而pH值为3时为2种晶型的混合相;在煅烧温度500℃、煅烧时间3 h、溶胶凝胶体系pH值为3的最佳制备工艺条件下,复合光催化剂催化活性最高,借助扫描电镜发现其TiO₂均匀地包覆在多壁碳纳米管管壁上。     

Impact of landfill liner time–temperature history on the service life of HDPE geomembranes

The observed temperatures in different landfills are used to establish a number of idealized time–temperature histories for geomembrane liners in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. These are then used for estimating the service life of different HDPE geomembranes. The predicted antioxidant depletion times (Stage I) are between 7 and 750 years with the large variation depending on the specific HDPE geomembrane product, exposure conditions, and most importantly, the magnitude and duration of the peak liner temperature. The higher end of the range corresponds to data from geomembranes aged in simulated landfill liner tests and a maximum liner temperature of 37 °C. The lower end of the range corresponds to a testing condition where geomembranes were immersed in a synthetic leachate and a maximum liner temperature of 60 °C. The total service life of the geomembranes was estimated to be between 20 and 3300 years depending on the time–temperature history examined. The range illustrates the important role that time–temperature history could play in terms of geomembrane service life. The need for long-term monitoring of landfill liner temperature and for geomembrane ageing studies that will provide improved data for assessing the likely long-term performance of geomembranes in MSW landfills are highlighted.     

Optimisation of MSW collection routes for minimum fuel consumption using 3D GIS modelling

Collection of municipal solid waste (MSW) may account for more than 70% of the total waste management budget, most of which is for fuel costs. It is therefore crucial to optimise the routing network used for waste collection and transportation. This paper proposes the use of geographical information systems (GIS) 3D route modelling software for waste collection and transportation, which adds one more degree of freedom to the system and allows driving routes to be optimised for minimum fuel consumption. The model takes into account the effects of road inclination and vehicle weight. It is applied to two different cases: routing waste collection vehicles in the city of Praia, the capital of Cape Verde, and routing the transport of waste from different municipalities of Santiago Island to an incineration plant. For the Praia city region, the 3D model that minimised fuel consumption yielded cost savings of 8% as compared with an approach that simply calculated the shortest 3D route. Remarkably, this was true despite the fact that the GIS-recommended fuel reduction route was actually 1.8% longer than the shortest possible travel distance. For the Santiago Island case, the difference was even more significant: a 12% fuel reduction for a similar total travel distance. These figures indicate the importance of considering both the relief of the terrain and fuel consumption in selecting a suitable cost function to optimise vehicle routing.