城市生活垃圾在热解处理中的产气特性研究

通过对沈阳市皇姑区内的3个垃圾排放点进行实地采样并分类称量,得出其组分含量,得到了生活垃圾的主要物料组份.在此基础上在外加热固定床式热解试验台上,用热解实验的方法对8种城市生活垃圾中的主要物料中的典型成分进行热解试验.通过数据分析总结出不同工况下产气特性和热解气体的组分含量、热值,并建立热解气体析出模型进行产气量预测.     

葡萄和葡萄酒行业与环境保护

目前,对葡萄园质量的鉴定不再只是根据葡萄酒的质量来进行.葡萄酒的质量形象还需要其他的因素:产地美丽的风景,葡萄园及葡萄酒厂与周围环境的协调,产品的自然特色,对环境的贡献等等.所以,环境保护也对葡萄酒的形象提出了新的挑战:除传统的生态、品种、酿造以及品牌、历史和人文等因素外,环境保护和健康意识越来越成为影响消费者对葡萄酒质量的感知和理解的重要因素.显然,在葡萄与葡萄酒生产过程中的环境保护措施,将会提高产品环保形象,从而提高其在国际市场上的竞争能力.这就需要有关国家将环境保护纳入其葡萄与葡萄酒生产的有关标准或法规中.     

一种新型悬浮填料的性能试验研究

本文对生物接触氧化法中的悬浮填料一密度、材质和形状对曝气强度、充氧能力及挂膜能力的影响进行了试验研究.研究中分别采用清水状态的曝气和充氧能力试验以及挂膜的方法.结果表明,悬浮填料的密度在0.95～0.99 g/cma之间比较适合.曝气池内加入填料后,可以提高普通穿孔管的充氧能力,且在一定的投配率范围内,随着填料的增加,氧的传递速率和利用率增加.挂膜试验表明聚丙烯比聚乙烯挂膜快且均匀,膜量大,而且圆柱形填料比空心球填料的挂膜量大.     

夹层电缆引发火灾的实验研究

模拟现代建筑夹层中贮藏大量未加金属导管防护的电线电缆所引发的火灾效应.在一个全尺寸燃烧套房模型中进行了起火室和顶棚夹层空间电缆火灾的实验研究,并采用大涡模拟的方法对实验中烟气速度场进行了数值模拟.结果表明,加明火源可以加强电缆的火灾功率;通风状况对夹层电缆火灾的温度场、烟气遮光度和火灾功率有明显影响.电缆燃烧产物中主要毒性气体为CO.电缆在夹层燃烧时,CO和CO2浓度均高于目标室和起火室中的浓度.而夹层毒气最为集中,其CO浓度远远超出OSHA和IDLH标准.电缆在夹层燃烧时发生火灾的危险性较大.     

小议我国职业安全管理

简要地提出了我国职业安全管理中存在的问题 ,并加以分析 ,同时有针对性地提出了建设性建议     

C6MW汽轮机汽缸膨胀不畅原因及对策

提出山东光明热电股份有限公司1#汽轮机汽缸膨胀不畅的问题，分析了几种典型缺陷引发的故障现象以及部分处理过程。     

Photochemical surface modification of poly(arylsulfone) ultrafiltration membrane and covalent immobilization of enzyme

The sensitivity of poly(arylsulfone)(PSf) for UV irradiation in different solvents(water and ethanol) was investigated. It is confirmed that acrylic acid(AA) and acrylamide(AAm) are grafted only onto the surface of the membrane instead of the interior by FTIR and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The membrane performance (ΔJ/J0 and contact angle θ) after photografting was studied. In the range of conditions used, the grafting yield increases with irradiation time and monomer concentration growing. After photografting and N-3-dimethylaminopropyl-N‘-ethycarbodiimide hydrochloride(EDC) activation, PSf membrane was immobilized with hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, and showed a higher activity than the control membrane.     

生物表面活性剂及其在环境修复中的研究进展

生物表面活性剂是由微生物分泌的天然产物,由于其物理性质和化学结构与许多人工合成的表面活性剂相似,并且对土壤、淡水、海洋等生态系统毒性较低,因而在环境污染治理方面,特别是在重金属和石油等有机溶剂污染的原位和异位生物修复方面具有极大的应用潜力.主要综述了近年国内外生物表面活性剂在廉价制备、作用机理、环境修复中的研究进展.     

物理-化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水的研究

桑皮纤维是一种资源可再生纤维素纤维,但在脱胶制取桑皮纤维过程中产生大量的废水,污染环境,限制了桑皮纤维的开发利用.采用调节pH值、絮凝、Fenton试剂催化氧化、活性炭吸附等物理-化学综合处理法处理桑皮脱胶废水,研究结果表明,通过物理化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水,COD总去除率达到97%以上,色度降到5倍.此方法处理效果明显、操作简单.     

Effect of long-term application of biosolids for land reclamation on surface water chemistry

Biosolids are known to have a potential to restore degraded land, but the long-term impacts of this practice on the environment, including water quality, still need to be evaluated. The surface water chemistry (NO3-, NH4+, and total P, Cd, Cu, and Hg) was monitored for 31 yr from 1972 to 2002 in a 6000-ha watershed at Fulton County, Illinois, where the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago was restoring the productivity of strip-mined land using biosolids. The mean cumulative loading rates during the past 31 yr were 875 dry Mg ha(-1) for 1120-ha fields in the biosolids-amended watershed and 4.3 dry Mg ha(-1) for the 670-ha fields in the control watershed. Biosolids were injected into mine spoil fields as liquid fertilizer from 1972 to 1985, and incorporated as dewatered cake from 1980 to 1996 and air-dried solids from 1987 to 2002. The mean annual loadings of nutrients and trace elements from biosolids in 1 ha were 735 kg N, 530 kg P, 4.5 kg Cd, 30.7 kg Cu, and 0.11 kg Hg in the fields of the biosolids-amended watershed, and negligible in the fields of the control watershed. Sampling of surface water was conducted monthly in the 1970s, and three times per year in the 1980s and 1990s. The water samples were collected from 12 reservoirs and 2 creeks receiving drainage from the fields in the control watershed, and 8 reservoirs and 4 creeks associated with the fields in the biosolids-amended watershed for the analysis of NO3- -N (including NO2- N), NH4+-N, and total P, Cd, Cu, and Hg. Compared to the control (0.18 mg L(-1)), surface water NO3- -N in the biosolids-amended watershed (2.23 mg L(-1)) was consistently higher; however, it was still below the Illinois limit of 10 mg L(-1) for public and food-processing water supplies. Biosolids applications had a significant effect on mean concentrations of ammonium N (0.11 mg L(-1) for control and 0.24 mg L(-1) for biosolids) and total P (0.10 mg L(-1) for control and 0.16 mg L(-1) for biosolids) in surface water. Application of biosolids did not increase the concentrations of Cd and Hg in surface water. The elevation of Cu in surface water with biosolids application only occurred in some years of the first decade, when land-applied sludges contained high concentrations of trace metals, including Cu. In fact, following the promulgation of 40 CFR Part 503, the concentrations of all three metals fell below the method detection level (MDL) in surface water for nearly all samplings. Nitrate in the surface water tends to be higher in spring, and ammonium, total P, and total Hg in summer and fall. Mean nitrate, ammonium, and total phosphorus concentrations were found to be greater in creeks than reservoirs. The results indicate that application of biosolids for land reclamation at high loading rates from 1972 to 2002, with adequate runoff and soil erosion control, had only a minor impact on surface water quality.