长三角地区2015年大气重污染特征及其影响因素

基于2015年长三角地区129个环境空气质量监测站的空气质量指数（AQI）及主要大气污染物浓度数据,结合气象资料和HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,探究长三角地区大气重污染的时间变化和空间集聚特征,并深入分析气象条件和区域传输对重污染过程发生和维持的影响.结果表明,2015年长三角地区各城市平均出现AQI超过200的重污染天气共8 d,重污染频率为2.01%,PM_2.5作为首要污染物出现频次最多.从时间变化看,重污染主要分布在1月和12月;从空间分布看,北部地区重污染相比南部地区更为严重,徐州和常州市出现频率最高.选取典型重污染过程1月9—11日（纬向扩散型）、1月24—26日（经向扩散型）和12月20—26日（两种模式相结合的重污染天气）进行成因分析,发现长三角地区重污染天气主要受到西北风向、低风速、高湿度和逆温层的影响,导致大气污染物积累且不易扩散.基于HYSPLIT的大气传输轨迹及频率分布表明,来自西北方向的气流对江苏北部地区的污染输送特征有着显著影响.     

钢铁行业不同物料的二英生成分布及机理探讨

钢铁行业是我国二噁英的第一大排放源,但对不同钢铁生产过程二英的生成排放认识有所欠缺.本文系统探究了钢铁行业不同物料的二噁英生成能力和同系物分布特征.结果表明,烧结飞灰的二英生成能力最强,而烧结生料生成二噁英能力最弱.3种污泥(连铸、热轧、冷轧)和烧结生料的二英生成途径相似,4种飞灰(电炉、转炉、高炉一次、高炉二次)之间也有相似的二英生成途径,而烧结飞灰则与其他物料均不同.所有物料中,有毒2,3,7,8-PCDD同系物之间存在极强的相关性,且氯酚合成二噁英路径也被发现存在于钢铁生产过程中.     

丰枯水期鄱阳湖表层水中羟基自由基浓度及其抗生素净化作用研究

鄱阳湖位于我国农业大省江西省,表层湖水中羟基自由基(HO·)引发的水体光化学反应,可能对流域内的农业污染物—抗生素具有潜在的净化作用.因此,本研究以氙灯模拟太阳光测得鄱阳湖及周边河流羟基自由基表观光量子产率(ΦHO·),在丰水期为(0.57~10.33)×10~(-5),枯水期为(0.45~3.52)×10~(-5).丰水期溶解态有机物(DOM)对HO·形成的贡献率为85.8%~98.7%,枯水期为58.5%~97.6%,表明DOM是HO·形成的主导物质.可能由于水体混合均匀,丰水期除抚河水体可能有其特殊的化学组成外,其它湖泊与河流的水化学组成接近,表现出随溶解态有机碳含量升高,ΦHO·呈先增大后减小的现象.枯水期水体各化学组成含量显著高于丰水期,光屏蔽与淬灭可能起主要作用,只有当NO_2~-含量较高时才显示出对HO·形成的贡献.依据太阳光强可得鄱阳湖丰水期及枯水期表层水HO·的稳态浓度分别为9.51×10~(-16)与4.92×10~(-17)mol·L~(-1),湖水中5种抗生素在HO·作用下的半衰期分别为2.3~13.9 d与44.5~268.7 d,丰水期鄱阳湖表现出更高的光化学净化能力.     

Nutrient compensatory foraging in a free-living social insect

The geometric framework model predicts that animal foraging decisions are influenced by their dietary history, with animals targeting a combination of essential nutrients through compensatory foraging. We provide experimental confirmation of nutrient-specific compensatory foraging in a natural, free-living population of social insects by supplementing their diet with sources of protein- or carbohydrate-rich food. Colonies of the ant Iridomyrmex suchieri were provided with feeders containing food rich in either carbohydrate or protein for 6 days, and were then provided with a feeder containing the same or different diet. The patterns of recruitment were consistent with the geometric framework: while feeders with a carbohydrate diet typically attracted more workers than did feeders with protein diet, the difference in recruitment between the two nutrients was smaller if the colonies had had prior access to carbohydrate than protein. Further, fewer ants visited feeders if the colony had had prior access to protein than to carbohydrates, suggesting that the larvae play a role in worker foraging behaviour.     

印染废水处理工艺的改造

对某染织厂原印染废水处理系统存在的问题及废水水质进行了分析,在充分利用现有设施的前提下,提出了气浮／水解酸化／生物接触氧化／混凝沉淀／过滤改造工艺,增加一套气浮一体化处理设备,并将初沉池改为水解酸化池,平流沉淀池改成斜管沉淀池。改造后的废水处理系统对COD、SS和色度的去除率分别达到91．2％、90．7％、87．5％,出水水质达到了《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》（GB4287—92）的一级标准。     

印染废水的厌氧（兼氧）生物降解研究进展

文章对国内外印染废水厌氧（兼氧）技术的微观机理研究进展,包括降解动力学、降解途径、染料厌氧生物降解性能与染料分子结构关系等进行阐述。水解酸化-好氧联合处理工艺由于较厌氧工艺操作简单、耗能低和投资少等优点,在印染废水处理中有良好的应用前景。     

金川县沙耳干河坝泥石流治理工程研究

金川县境内的沙耳干河坝泥石流沟泥石流活动频繁,暴发频率属于中等。为了减少泥石流灾害的威胁和危害,进行现场踏勘,开展泥石流的治理工程研究,具有重要意义。拦砂坝、谷坊坝、单侧防护堤、排导槽和导流堤等工程对泥石流的预防与治理具有显著作用,采用多种措施相结合的方式相对于单一措施更为有效。在治理工程的建设过程中可能引发相应的环境问题,对其中影响较大的水土流失问题提出防治措施,并进行可行性研究,同时提出实施建议。     

Degradation of acid fuchsine by a modified electro-Fenton system with magnetic stirring as oxygen supplying

The current modified electro-Fenton system was designed to develop a more convenient and e cient undivided system for practical wastewater treatment. The system adopted a cathode portion that employed magnetic stirring instead of common oxygen gas di usion or gas sparging to supply oxygen gas for the electrolyte solution. Key factors influencing the cathode fabrication and activity were investigated. The degradation of acid fuchsine with a self-made graphite-polytetrafluorethylene cathode was studied using a spectrophotometer. It was found that the cathode generated hydrogen peroxide with high current e ciency and the hydrogen peroxide yield of the cathode did not decay after 10 times reuse. With the Pt anode at a ferrous ion concentration of 0.5 mmol/L, a pH of 3, and using magnetic stirring, dye decolorization could be rapidly accomplished but the destruction of benzene rings and intermediates was fairly di cult. With a Fe anode, dye degradation was more complete.     

Catalytic performance of Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 catalyst in ozonation of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid, nitrobenzene and oxalic acid in water

Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation using Fe(NO3) 3·9H2O and Co(NO3) 2·6H2O as the precursors,and its catalytic performance was investigated in ozonation of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propionic acid(2,4-DP) ,nitrobenzene and oxalic acid.The experimental results indicated that Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 catalyst enabled an interesting improvement of ozonation eciency during the degradation of each organic pollutant,and the Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 catalytic ozonation system followed a radical-type mechanism.The kinetics of ozonation alone and Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 catalytic ozonation of three organic pollutants in aqueous solution were discussed under the mere consideration of direct ozone reaction and OH radical reaction to well investigate its performance.In the catalytic ozonation of 2,4-DP,the apparent reaction rate constants(k) were determined to be 1.456×10-2 min-1 for ozonation alone and 4.740×10-2 min-1 for O3/Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3.And O3/Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 had a larger Rct(6.614×10-9) calculated by the relative method than O3 did(1.800×10-9) ,showing O3/Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 generated more hydroxyl radical.Similar results were also obtained in the catalytic ozonation of nitrobenzene and oxalic acid.The above results demonstrated that the catalytic performance of Fe3O4-CoO/Al2O3 in ozonation of studied organic substance was universal to a certain degree.     

A2/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的分形结构与理化特征分析

采用图像法和沉降柱法分别研究了A²/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的形貌、粒度分布、低维分形维数和沉降速率、有效密度、空隙率以及质量分形维数,并尝试探讨了上述相关性质与这些污泥宏观操作性质(沉降、压缩、脱水和稳定性)相关的各种理化指标以及胞外高分子物质(EPS)的含量之间的变化关系.结果表明,污泥絮体呈现不规则的形貌,表面具有空隙.其有效密度一般随着其粒径的增加而降低,而空隙率和沉降速率却呈现与有效密度相反的变化趋势,这些均表明了污泥絮体的分形结构的存在.2次所采集的污泥絮体的中位直径分别为248.81、 332.86 μm,有效密度的平均值分别为0.004 0、 0.007 2 g·cm^-3,自由沉降速率的平均值分别为2.67、 4.79　mm·s^-1,空隙率的平均值分别为0.94、 0.89,一维分形维数分别为1.03、 1.19,二维分形维数分别为1.64、 1.84,采用基于Logan经验公式的有效密度-最大直径的双对数关系确定的质量分形维数分别为1.74、 2.29.尽管第2次所采集的污泥絮体较为密实,但其表面粗糙程度却比第1次的低.此外,研究中发现絮凝能力较高或负电荷较高的A²/O好氧污泥絮体具有高的SVI和ZSV值;分形维数较低的污泥具有高的剪切敏感性和低絮体强度,相应的污泥稳定性低;EPS总量高的污泥脱水性能差,EPS中蛋白质含量高的污泥其表面电荷也较高.