随机振动的描述及其试验与仿真

阐述了随机振动的描述方法,随机振动试验条件和相关参数的计算等。并结合实例,介绍了随机振动有限元仿真的流程及其工程意义,以便在深入了解随机振动原理的基础上,指导随机振动试验和有限元仿真的开展。     

土壤微生物产电技术及其潜在应用研究进展

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)是一种利用微生物将有机物的化学能转化为电能的装置.土壤含有产电细菌和有机质,能够在MFCs中产生电流.运行土壤MFCs能实时连续监测土壤污染和环境变化,去除土壤中污染物以及抑制淹水稻田土壤排放甲烷.实现上述功能不仅不消耗能源,相反还能产生少量电能,也无需向土壤中添加化学药剂.因此土壤MFCs是值得探索的环境友好的污染检测和修复技术以及温室气体减排技术,在环境科学与工程领域具有潜在的应用价值.由于土壤MFCs研究起步较晚,MFCs领域许多新技术尚未在土壤MFCs中得以应用.本文综述了土壤MFCs的相关研究进展,并结合MFCs技术的前沿,提出土壤MFCs可能的发展方向.     

基于DEA的中国农业旱灾脆弱性评价及时空演变分析

旱灾脆弱性是形成旱灾的基础,开展脆弱性评价对旱灾形成机理及其防治具有重要意义。运用数据包络分析方法,构建旱灾脆弱性评价模型,对我国近40年农业旱灾脆弱性时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明,上海、江苏和福建三省的旱灾脆弱性最低,脆弱度均值低于0.2;而山东、陕西、内蒙古、山西四省的旱灾脆弱性最高,脆弱性均值高于0.5,从南到北旱灾脆弱性逐渐增大,且具有空间正相关特征;旱灾脆弱性程度总体呈下降趋势,变化倾向率为-0.02/10a(P<0.05),但广西、青海、内蒙等9省旱灾脆弱性呈上升趋势;脆弱性的空间差异变小,脆弱性变异系数呈下降趋势。DEA方法运用于脆弱性评价具有较高可信度,可解决旱灾脆弱性评价指标体系复杂、权重确定较主观的问题,对把握区域旱灾脆弱性空间分异特点及时间变化趋势具有较强优势。     

Vehicular volatile organic compounds losses due to refueling and diurnal process in China: 2010–2050

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to control air pollution in major Chinese cities since VOCs are the dominant factor influencing ambient ozone level, and also an important precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Vehicular evaporative emissions have become a major and growing source of VOC emissions in China. This study consists of lab tests, technology evaluation, emissions modeling, policy projections and cost-benefit analysis to draw a roadmap for China for controlling vehicular evaporative emissions. The analysis suggests that evaporative VOC emissions from China's light-duty gasoline vehicles were approximately 185,000 ton in 2010 and would peak at 1,200,000 ton in 2040 without control. The current control strategy implemented in China, as shown in business as usual (BAU) scenario, will barely reduce the long-term growth in emissions. Even if Stage II gasoline station vapor control policies were extended national wide (BAU + extended Stage II), there would still be over 400,000 ton fuel loss in 2050. In contrast, the implementation of on-board refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) on new cars could reduce 97.5% of evaporative VOCs by 2050 (BAU + ORVR/BAU + delayed ORVR). According to the results, a combined Stage II and ORVR program is a comprehensive solution that provides both short-term and long-term benefits. The net cost to achieve the optimal total evaporative VOC control is approximately 62 billion CNY in 2025 and 149 billion CNY in 2050.     

高效降解青霉素菌的筛选鉴定及降解效果研究

从哈尔滨制药总厂的青霉素发酵药渣中富集筛选出6株青霉素耐受菌株,经驯化后,采用高效液相色谱法检验其对青霉素的降解效率,经比较得到一株青霉素高效降解菌株,编号为JZ6。青霉素浓度300 mg/L,30℃,p H6.7,121 r/min条件下恒温震荡培养24 h后,在青霉素做唯一碳源情况下,青霉素几乎不被降解,外加碳氮源后降解率可达到99.98%。对其进行电镜扫描和16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定其属于洋葱伯克霍尔德菌属(Burkholderia cenocepacia),16SrDNA序列长度为1451bp,在Gen Bank登录号为KF826288。     

固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定的质量保证

固定污染源排气中颗粒物的监测是一个复杂的过程,它综合了实验室分析、现场采样及生产工艺等因素,是环保管理部门监控、考核企业污染物是否排放达标的重要因子之一。本文从滤筒的选择、实验室称量、采样仪器、采样点位置、运行工况等几方面提出了固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定中应注意的问题,并对实验室湿度和滤筒烘烤温度对滤筒称重的影响进行了测定,得出实验室的湿度应控制在两次称量土5％范围之内,同时应根据排气筒类型不同,选择不同的温度烘烤滤筒,否则会直接影响滤筒称量的准确度。只有做好固定污染源排气中颗粒物监测过程中各个环节的质量控制,才能获得科学、准确的监测数据。     

非一阴离子表面活性剂对PAHs的增溶作用及无机盐的强化效果研究

文章研究了几种非离子和阴离子表面活性剂在单一或混合条件下对多环芳烃（PAHs）萘和菲的增溶作用,并分析了无机盐对表面活性剂增溶PAHs的强化效果.结果表明,在相同浓度条件下,非离子表面活性剂对菲和萘的增溶效果均高于阴离子表面活性剂,其增溶能力大小顺序为：Tween 80 ＞TX-100＞ Tween 20＞ SDS＞SDBS.将非离子与阴离子表面活性剂混合后,对萘和菲的增溶作用大于单一阴离子表面活性剂而小于单一非离子表面活性剂,且增溶效果随着非离子表面活性剂比例的增加而增大.低浓度（0.03 mol/L）的NaCl和Na2SO4可大幅度促进表面活性剂对萘和菲的增溶效果,但随着无机盐浓度的提高,对增溶效果的促进作用不明显.     

Straw bio-degradation by acidogenic bacteria and composite fungi

A composite microbial system, including a strain of Candida tropicalis (W3), a strain of Lactobacillus plantarm(WY3) and three strains of basidiomycete pL104, pL113 and C33, was chosen to degrade com straw.The final pH was acid owing to the inoculation of acidogenic bacteria, and under this condition the composite fungi system could produce complex enzyme to destroy the compact structure of corn straw. The experimental results showed that the biomass of composite fungi could reach up to maximum when the pH value was 4.5. Through the bio-degradation by combining acidogenic bacteria with the composite fungi system, the cellulose, hemi-ceUulose and lignin degradation rates of corn straw powder were 26.36%, 43.30% and 26.96%, respectively. And the gross crude protein content increased 60.41%. This study provided the evidence for the feasibility of developing a composite microbial system with high capability of degrading straw lignocelluloses in order to make reasonable use of straw resource and protect rural eco-environment.     

Applying the GM(1,1) model to simulate and predict the ecological footprint values of Suzhou city,China

The ecological footprint value (abbreviated as EF) is the quantitative indicator on evaluating the sustainable development status of a region. How to simulate the EF’s trend with a long-time data series has been heatedly discussed. The economic development of Suzhou, one of the most developed cities in Yangtze Delta, China, has been accelerated in the past 20 years, and it is necessary to evaluate the influence of the socioeconomic growth on local natural resources. The EF values of Suzhou from 1999 to 2018 were calculated and simulated using both the ARIMA model and the GM(1,1) model. The ARIMA model has been used in the prediction of EF values in several cases. However, the EF data series of the city consisted of white noise and could not be fitted by the ARIMA model. The GM(1,1) model, an approach forecasting nonlinear data series, was not found in the studies of the EF simulation. Through the model precision test, the GM(1,1) model introduced fit the EF data series well and was considered to be appropriate to simulate the EF values for Suzhou. The fitting performance was accurate, and the EF values of the city could be forecasted by the model in short term. With the proposed model, the ecological sustainability status of the city was analyzed.

     

后现代旅游理念下的乡村旅游产品开发——以长沙县开慧镇为例

后现代旅游理念源于后现代主义思潮,是一种新型的旅游观。在回顾国内外相关文献基础上,采用实地研究与问卷调查方法,以长沙县开慧镇为例进行了实证研究。研究发现：（1）后现代旅游是对现代旅游的继承性发展,后现代旅游需求是多样、复杂、甚至矛盾的,目前很难统一界定;（2）总体来看,后现代旅游产品开发应该秉持绿色自然、情感体验、个性本我、健康公平等理念;（3）开慧镇乡村旅游资源丰富,但现有产品开发存在游客参与度不高,消费水平偏低,产品认知程度不一,新媒体营销收效甚微等问题;（4）探索性地设立了由13个影响因子组成的指标体系,依据对游客的重要性程度将权重划分为高、中、低3个层级,并以此作为产品开发的参照;（5）提出了加强“大地艺术类”“儿童旅游类”“农家体验类”“户外休闲类”4类后现代乡村旅游产品开发的建议。今后,有必要加强对“后现代”或“跨现代”背景下的乡村旅游研究。