Enhanced carbon tetrachloride degradation by hydroxylamine in ferrous ion activated calcium peroxide in the presence of formic acid

• Complete CT degradation was achieved by employing HA to CP/Fe(II)/FA process. • Quantitative detection of Fe(II) regeneration and HO• production was investigated. • Benzoic acid outcompeted FA for the reaction with HO•. • CO₂•⁻ was the dominant reductive radical for CT removal. • Effects of solution matrix on CT removal were conducted. Hydroxyl radicals (HO•) show low reactivity with perchlorinated hydrocarbons, such as carbon tetrachloride (CT), in conventional Fenton reactions, therefore, the generation of reductive radicals has attracted increasing attention. This study investigated the enhancement of CT degradation by the synergistic effects of hydroxylamine (HA) and formic acid (FA) (initial [CT] = 0.13 mmol/L) in a Fe(II) activated calcium peroxide (CP) Fenton process. CT degradation increased from 56.6% to 99.9% with the addition of 0.78 mmol/L HA to the CP/Fe(II)/FA/CT process in a molar ratio of 12/6/12/1. The results also showed that the presence of HA enhanced the regeneration of Fe(II) from Fe(III), and the production of HO• increased one-fold when employing benzoic acid as the HO• probe. Additionally, FA slightly improves the production of HO•. A study of the mechanism confirmed that the carbon dioxide radical (CO₂•⁻), a strong reductant generated by the reaction between FA and HO•, was the dominant radical responsible for CT degradation. Almost complete CT dechlorination was achieved in the process. The presence of humic acid and chloride ion slightly decreased CT removal, while high doses of bicarbonate and high pH inhibited CT degradation. This study helps us to better understand the synergistic roles of FA and HA for HO• and CO₂•⁻ generation and the removal of perchlorinated hydrocarbons in modified Fenton systems.     

PDMDAAC阳离子膨润土处理染料废水的研究

采用聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物(PDMDAAC)对膨润土进行改性,制得阳离子膨润土,研究其电动特性及对染料废水的脱色效果．结果表明,与膨润土相比,阳离子膨润土的表面电性发生了变化;处理染料废水的效果明显提高,而且在强酸性和强碱性条件下对染料废水的脱色效果最好．     

运城市四季VOCs特征、来源及臭氧形成敏感物种

基于2021年运城市城区站点全年VOCs观测数据,对运城市四季VOCs体积分数、组分特征、来源及臭氧形成敏感物种进行分析.结果表明,运城市城区φ（VOCs）年均值为（32.1±24.2）×10^-9,处于全国中等水平,四季φ（VOCs）均值从高到低依次为：冬季（46.3×10^-9）>秋季（35.5×10^-9）>春季（25.6×10^-9）>夏季（21.2×10^-9）,烷烃和OVOCs占比最高,二者贡献了运城市69.0%~80.4%的TVOCs,春夏季OVOCs占比更高（41%~43%）而秋冬季烷烃占比更高（42%~43%）,主要受到源排放变化的影响.机动车源、LPG/NG源、工业源和燃烧源是运城市城区VOCs的主要来源,四季贡献率最高的分别为机动车源（春季,28.5%）、二次源+燃烧源（夏季,29.0%）、LPG/NG源（秋季,30.4%）和燃煤源（冬季,27.3%）.运城市夏季臭氧形成处于过渡区,其他季节处于VOC控制区,臭氧生成对烯烃（异戊二烯、乙烯和丙烯）、OVOCs（乙醛、丙醛、丙烯醛、正丁醛）和芳烃（二甲苯、甲苯、苯）最敏感,其中冬季对乙烯最敏感,其他季节对异戊二烯最敏感,应对这些敏感物种相关的一次排放源进行减排以实现臭氧浓度改善的目标.     

一种新兴的高级氧化技术--超临界水氧化法

超临界水氧化法在处理废水方面具有独特的优势.从超临界水的性质,超临界水氧化法原理、工艺、应用和优越性等方面阐述了超临界水氧化法作为一种新兴的高级氧化技术具有广阔的应用前景,并且提出了解决现存问题的建议.     

两性聚丙烯酰胺的制备及其絮凝性能

开发了一种对非离子聚丙烯酰胺进行改性制备两性聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)絮凝剂的新方法。以硅藻土悬浮液为絮凝对象,考察了改性反应中影响APAM絮凝效果的因素。结果表明,采用无水乙酸与三甲胺、环氧氯丙烷合成季胺盐型阳离子剂的方法优于采用盐酸的方法;在10mL质量分数为10%、相对分子质量为3×106的非离子型聚丙烯酰胺水溶液中加入8mL浓度为2.6mol/L的阳离子剂,同时控制V(NaOH)∶V(NaClO)为0.44,改性得到的APAM絮凝性能最佳,在pH3～9的较宽范围内对硅藻土悬浮液有较好的絮凝效果。在pH为3、APAM加入量为1.8mg/L时,硅藻土悬浮液的絮凝率可达100%。     

外源硫输入对稻田土壤硒流失的影响

土壤中硒的甲基化可能会导致硒的挥发,加剧土壤硒的流失,而农田土壤硒的缺乏会造成农作物中硒含量偏低.施用硫肥是保障作物增产、增收的一种重要农艺措施,外源硫输入对土壤硒的含量可能产生重要的调控作用.本研究模拟稻田淹水环境,通过添加典型有机硫(甲硫氨酸)和无机硫(硫酸钠),测定硒的挥发量以及土壤中残留的硒含量,以揭示外源硫输...     

内循环动态膜生物反应器处理生活污水

利用筛绢为基材构建内循环动态膜生物反应器处理生活污水.在水力停留时间为6h,膜通量为66.2L/(m²·h)条件下,反应器内的生物动态膜需要120min可以形成.动态膜形成后,反应器对COD、氨氮、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的平均去除率分别为94.0%、97.6%、49.2%和83.7%.采用逆出水水流方向曝气进行在线反冲洗,在反冲洗时间为5min,反冲洗曝气强度为3.2m³/(m²·h)的条件下,生物动态膜的再生需要30min即可完成.反应器稳定运行60d,反冲洗周期能够稳定在50h以上.扫描电镜(SEM)观察表明,反冲洗能够有效破坏附着在膜基材上的生物动态膜.     

基于EVI相似性分区的冬小麦面积提取及其动态监测

及时、准确地获取冬小麦种植面积及时空变化信息对提升作物估产精度和保障粮食安全具有重要意义。冬小麦物候期受地理条件和人为因素影响差异很大，利用遥感进行大尺度种植面积提取时其精度容易受物候差异的影响。根据MODIS EVI数据和Landsat影像，在定量评价冬小麦EVI相似性并结合高程信息对研究区进行分区的基础上，通过对比冬小麦参考时序曲线与待分类像元时序曲线之间相似性提取冬小麦种植面积，并对湖北省2009～2017年冬小麦种植面积时空变化过程进行分析。结果表明：（1）冬小麦面积提取平均精度达95.3%，R ²大于0.90，明显优于未分区提取结果；（2）冬小麦主要集中分布于中部和北部地区，其中，襄阳县、枣阳市的种植面积尤为集中；（3）冬小麦空间分布大致呈现向西北、东南部地区扩张的时空变化格局；（4）在2009～2017年期间，冬小麦种植面积先增后减，总体呈上升趋势，2017年比2009年增加了4%。基于EVI相似性的作物分区提取方法可提高种植面积精度，为大区域内冬小麦面积时空变化遥感监测提供有效方法。     

苍山5.2级地震前后井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的短临异常变化

将尹祥础固体潮加卸载响应比的理论和方法引入到地下水位潮汐资料计算中,从岩石的应变与应力的非线性响应分析了井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的物理机理,从理论上论证可以应用地下水位观测资料来计算加卸载响应比,并研究出利用地下水位对固体潮响应来计算加卸载响应比的方法。以此方法计算了山东省莒南井（Ｌｕ １４井）水位的固体潮加卸载响应比,分析了１９９５年苍山５２级地震前后井水位固体潮加卸载响应比的短临异常变化。     

Scale and benefit of global carbon markets under the 2 °C goal: integrated modeling and an effort-sharing platform

Global climate change mitigation needs all countries’ efforts under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s guideline of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. The medium-to-long term regional emissions pathways simulated by integrated assessment models with global mitigation costs minimized to achieve the 2 °C goal might be very different from the regional emissions allowances allocated based on effort-sharing principles. Global carbon trading is a cost-effective mechanism to bridge the gap. Insight of previous papers has mainly focused on the impact of a single effort-sharing scheme on global carbon market, while this study attempts to explore the scale and benefit of global carbon market under different effort-sharing principles to achieve the 2 °C goal, with the application of a consistent modeling framework, consisting of an integrated assessment model and an effort-sharing platform. The results indicate that scale of global carbon market would be highly related with the effort-sharing principles. The global trading volumes would change from 1.8 Gigatons (Gt) carbon dioxide (CO₂) to over 12 GtCO₂ per year and largely peak between 2030 and 2040 under different kinds of effort-sharing principles. Correspondingly, annual global finance flows in the carbon market would increase gradually and reach the scale of hundreds of billions United States (US) dollars since 2020. Global carbon market would lower the abatement costs of developed countries, and the overall global abatement costs would drop by 0.4–2.6% during 2011–2050. The developing countries would not only acquire revenues from global carbon trading but also be provided with an opportunity to accelerate their domestic low-carbon energy transformation, local environmental improvement, job creation, and economic development. Linking national and regional carbon markets to develop global carbon market will be critical to maximize the utility of the market mechanism.