顶棚装修材料对地下商业街火灾影响的数值模拟研究

地下商业街处于相对封闭的环境,在强制通风不利的情况下,内装修材料可燃性对火灾影响显得特别重要。应用FDS火灾模拟软件的大涡模拟(LES)模型,对分别采用木质、石膏板、PVC材质顶棚的地下商业街进行火灾模拟,重点讨论了不同顶棚材料对烟气温度、体积分数的影响。模拟结果表明,木质顶棚装修材料明显增加烟气体积分数、加速火灾轰然的形成。烟气蔓延速度快,烟气中CO最高浓度是其他两种材料的40倍,因此应限制地下商业街商户装修中使用木质顶棚材料。     

The spatial relationship between human activities and C,N, P,S in soil based on landscape geochemical interpretation

The development and formation of chemical elements in soil are affected not only by parent material, climate, biology, and topology factors, but also by human activities. As the main elements supporting life on earth system, the C, N, P, S cycles in soil have been altered by human activity through land-use change, agricultural intensification, and use of fossil fuels. The present study attempts to analyze whether and how a connection can be made between macroscopical control and microcosmic analysis, to estimate the impacts of human activities on C, N, P, S elements in soil, and to determine a way to describe the spatial relationship between C, N, P, S in soil and human activities, by means of landscape geochemical theories and methods. In addition, the disturbances of human activities on C, N, P, S are explored through the analysis of the spatial relationship between human disturbed landscapes and element anomalies, thereby determining the diversified rules of the effects. The study results show that the rules of different landscapes influencing C, N, P, S elements are diversified, and that the C element is closely related to city landscapes; furthermore, the elements N, P, and S are shown to be closely related to river landscapes; the relationships between mine landscapes and the elements C, N, P, S are apparent; the relationships between the elements C, N, P, S and road landscapes are quite close, which shows that road landscapes have significant effects on these elements. Therefore, the conclusion is drawn that the response mechanism analysis of human disturbance and soil chemical element aggregation is feasible, based on the landscape geochemical theories and methods. The spatial information techniques, such as remote sensing and geographic information systems, are effective for research on soil element migration.     

Human exposure to methylmercury from crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in China

Methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation in aquatic food raises global concerns about human exposure to MeHg. Crayfish is the world’s third largest farmed crustacean species and a favorite aquatic food in many countries. However, human health hazard due to MeHg exposure via crayfish consumption is unclear, partly because appropriate survey data are lacking. We report on mercury concentrations and speciation in edible tail muscle of crayfish collected from restaurants in 23 Chinese cities. On average, MeHg constituted 99.1 % of mercury in tail muscle, and MeHg concentrations were comparable with those reported for fish in China. Variation in MeHg concentrations was not attributable to broad geographic region (i.e., provinces) or tail length. For different populations, potential health risk (characterized by hazard quotient or HQ) of MeHg exposure through crayfish consumption depended largely on crayfish consumption rates. In particular, a health hazard (HQ > 1) was found for high-rate consumers (i.e., 95 %ile or higher) in some cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLYR), during the peak consumption season. Our results suggest that more attention should be paid to dietary MeHg intake via crayfish consumption in China, particularly for communities with high consumption in MLYR.

     

东平湖底泥重金属污染及其对摇蚊分布的影响

东平湖是南水北调东线的重要调蓄湖,其水环境状况对输水安全具有重要意义.为分析与评价东平湖底泥重金属污染状况及其与摇蚊分布关系,采集30个东平湖底泥样品,分别测试和鉴定其中的元素含量和摇蚊亚化石种属.运用地积累指数和生态危害指数法对东平湖底泥重金属污染进行分析评价,发现Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni是主要污染物,但污染程度相对较低,整体为轻度—中度污染水平,潜在生态危害性为轻微水平,且其污染及危害性均呈现出由湖区东南向西北逐渐降低的空间分布特征.其中,Cu污染最为严重,部分地区达到强污染水平.东平湖底泥共鉴定出41个摇蚊属种,主要优势种由Stempellinella-Zavrelia(30.88%)、Propsilocerus akamusi-type(26.79%)、Paratanytarsus(10.34%)、Cricotopus sylvestris-type(7.52%)和Hydrobaenus conformis-type(5.19%)组成.Stempellinella-Zavrelia和Propsilocerus akamusi-type是东平湖的绝对优势种,合占全湖的57.67%,且几乎呈全湖性分布.摇蚊RDA分析显示第一轴特征值为0.073,摇蚊种属与环境的相关关系达到了58.4%.RDA结果表明影响摇蚊组成分布的显著因子是Mn,并解释了7.3%的摇蚊变率.摇蚊属种Stempellinella-Zavrelia、Propsilocerus akamusi-type、Paratanytarsus、Hydrobaenus conformis-type等分布在Mn污染较小的区域.Pearson相关分析进一步表明东平湖底泥不同摇蚊种属对重金属Mn污染的响应存在显著差异.总体来看,底泥重金属对东平湖摇蚊组成和分布有显著影响,但不同金属对其影响存在差异.     

Local and regional contributions to PM2.5 in the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics infrastructure areas during haze episodes

• Regional transportation contributed more than local emissions during haze episodes. • Short-range regional transportation contributed the most to the PM_2.5 in the OIAs. • Low wind speeds and low PBLHs led to higher local contributions to Beijing. The 2022 Winter Olympics is scheduled to take place in Beijing and Zhangjiakou, which were defined as OIAs (Olympic infrastructure areas) in this study. This study presents the characteristics and source apportionment of PM_2.5 in the OIAs, China. The entire region of mainland China, except for the OIAs, was divided into 9 source regions, including four regions in the BTH(Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) region, the four provinces surrounding the BTH and the remaining areas. Using CAMx/PSAT, the contributions of the nine regions to the PM_2.5 concentration in the OIAs were simulated spatially and temporally. The simulated source apportionment results showed that the contribution of regional transportation was 48.78%, and when PM_2.5 concentration was larger than 75 μg/m³ central Hebei was the largest contributor with a contribution of 19.18%, followed by Tianjin, northern Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, southern Hebei, Henan and Liaoning. Furthermore, the contribution from neighboring regions of the OIAs was 47.12%, which was nearly twice that of long-range transportation. Haze episodes were analyzed, and the results presented the importance of regional transportation during severe PM_2.5 pollution periods. It was also found that they were associated with differences in pollution sources between Zhangjiakou and Beijing. Regional transportation was the main factor affecting PM_2.5 pollution in Zhangjiakou due to its low local emissions. Stagnant weather with a low planetary boundary layer height and a low wind velocity prevented the local emitted pollutants in Beijing from being transported outside, and as a result, local emissions constituted a larger contribution in Beijing.     

室内灰尘中多环芳烃及其衍生物的赋存与人体暴露研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)作为典型的持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)中的重要类别,具有半挥发性、生物蓄积性、长期残留性和明显的毒性(包括致癌、致畸、致突变)等特点,因此是环境中的一类重要污染物.PAHs衍生物的赋存浓度通常比PAHs母体低,是直接作用的诱变剂和致癌剂,具有比PAHs母体更高的致癌性和致畸性,毒性作用也更为直接,近年来PAHs衍生物引起了越来越多的关注.室内灰尘作为污染物的特殊载体,研究其中的PAHs及其衍生物的赋存、来源、人体暴露风险有重要意义.本文基于当前国内外对室内灰尘中PAHs及其衍生物的研究,对室内灰尘中PAHs及其衍生物的赋存、来源及其人体暴露风险进行了系统综述,最后提出了现有研究的不足,并对室内灰尘中PAHs及其衍生物今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

2013-2018年北京市PM2.5污染波动特征研究

利用2013—2018年北京市大气污染物监测数据及气象条件等资料,分析了北京市PM_(2.5)污染波动变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明,2013—2018年北京市空气质量呈现整体改善趋势,优良天数由2013年的176 d增加至2018年的227d;重污染天数显著减少,由2013年的58 d逐年递减至2018年的14 d。受污染源排放、特殊气候现象、气象条件等多因素影响,近6年北京市ρ(PM_(2.5))月均值呈现波动下降趋势,其中秋、冬季波动性更加突显。2014—2016年北京市秋冬季PM_(2.5)污染突出,其中2014年10月、2015年11—12月、2016年12月ρ(PM_(2.5))月均值均达到中度污染级别;而2017—2018年北京市秋、冬季ρ(PM_(2.5))月均值均处于优良水平。相关性分析结果显示,地面相对湿度、中层温度与大气污染物呈现较强的正相关性,中层北风频率、地面风速则呈现负相关性。基于上述气象条件及CO、SO_2和NO_2等气态污染物共同构建的拟合方程对ρ(PM_(2.5))估算结果较好,多站点的拟合值与实际值的相关系数为0.900～0.947,进一步说明气象条件及相关污染源排放对PM_(2.5)污染具有显著影响。     

Changes in methylmercury accumulation in the brain of rat offspring throughout gestation and during suckling

Higher methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation and susceptibility to toxicity in the fetus than in the mother at parturition is well known. However, the degree of MeHg accumulation in the brain during the late pregnancy period when the human brain is most vulnerable is not clear. In addition, changes in MeHg accumulation in the developing rat tissues with consecutive exposure throughout gestation and lactation periods have not been well studied. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the changes in MeHg accumulation in the brain and other tissues of the offspring, based on constant and consecutive doses of MeHg to mothers throughout gestation and lactation. Adult female rats were given a diet containing 5?ppm?Hg (as MeHg) for 8 weeks. Then they were mated and subsequently given the same diet throughout gestation and lactation. On embryonic days 18, 20, 22 and at parturition, the concentrations of Hg in the brains of the offspring were approximately 1.5–2.0 times higher than those in the mothers. On the other hand, during the suckling period Hg concentrations in the brain rapidly declined to about 1/10 of that during late pregnancy. Changes in MeHg accumulation in the blood and liver after parturition were similar to those in the brain. Thus, although mothers are subjected to constant and prolonged MeHg exposure throughout both the gestation and lactating periods, the risk to the offspring may be especially high throughout the late gestation period but rapidly decreases during the suckling period     

Vertical distribution and environmental significance of PAHs in soil profiles in Beijing,China

Vertical distribution of both the concentration and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ten profiles in Beijing has been investigated. The results showed that PAH concentrations and compositions in topsoil from different sampling sites were different. PAH concentrations were much higher in topsoil of the investigated urban area, industrial region, and paddy field with wastewater irrigation than in other areas. Moreover, PAH concentrations in topsoil were much higher than those at greater depth, where the concentrations were relatively consistent in most soil profiles. The fingerprints of PAHs in the samples from topsoil (0–30 cm) in the same profiles were similar and were obviously different from those at greater depth, suggesting that PAH sources were consistent in topsoil samples and were discriminating between topsoil and deeper soils. PAHs in topsoil mainly arose from mixed sources of combustion of liquid fuel, coal, and/or wood, as well as wastewater irrigation, while those at greater depth were derived from soil genesis and the process of soil formation.     

叶菌唑对斑马鱼的急性毒性及生物富集效应

为评价杀菌剂叶菌唑对水生生态系统的影响,以斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)为试验生物,采用半静态法研究了叶菌唑原药对斑马鱼的急性毒性以及生物富集效应。结果表明,95%叶菌唑原药对斑马鱼96 h的半数致死浓度(96 h-LC_(50))为3.89 mg·L~(-1),选用在3.90×10~(-1)和3. 90×10~(-2)mg·L~(-1)这2个处理浓度下连续暴露8 d,在3. 90×10~(-1)mg·L~(-1)浓度下生物富集系数(BCF)为53.3;在3.90×10~(-2)mg·L~(-1)浓度暴露下生物富集系数(BCF8d)为26.2。根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》毒性划分标准,叶菌唑原药属于中等富集性农药。研究结果为叶菌唑田间安全使用提供理论依据。