长沙地区近地面水汽中氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征

基于在长沙地区2014年10月—2015年10月监测的近地面水汽中氢氧稳定同位素组成(δv)及相关气象要素,对水汽中氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征、影响因素及与降水中稳定同位素(δp)的相互关系进行了分析.结果表明:大气水汽中氢氧稳定同位素存在显著的季节变化和日变化,冬、春季值高于夏、秋季值,夜晚值高于白天值.δv~(18)O的季节变化与大尺度水汽输送的季节性变化有关,日变化则与地表蒸散发、大气湍流等局地气象条件有关.通过对δv~(18)O的平衡模拟发现,水汽中和降水中稳定同位素在暖季处于或接近平衡状态,在冷季处于非平衡状态.不同季节的大气水汽线和大气水线具有一定程度的相似性,两者的斜率均为暖季大于冷季;受下垫面新降水蒸发的影响,降水日大气水汽线的斜率和截距相对于无降水日均有增加,暖季分别增加0.11和3.52‰,冷季分别增加0.07和0.14‰.     

发光细菌的生理特性及其在环境监测中的应用

就发光细菌的生理特性、发光细菌毒性试验在环境监测中的应用及该技术的新进展３个方面进行了较为全面的概述;评价了发光细菌毒性试验的特点,提出了该技术今后的发展方向;可以预见它将成为环境监测的重要手段。     

液固比对含重金属水泥熟料制品中重金属释放的影响

通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料,参照JGJ 55-2000（《普通混凝土配比设计规程》）制取混凝土样品,参考SR003.1和NEN 7375浸出试验,分别研究液固比对粒状及块状混凝土样品中重金属（Cr、Ni和As）释放的影响。结果表明,在不同液固比条件下粒状混凝土中的重金属浸出浓度为Cr>Ni>As,Cr、As浸出浓度基本保持不变,分别为2 500 μg/L左右和5～6 μg/L,Ni在液固比（L∶S）<6时,浸出浓度随着液固比的增加而降低,在L∶S>6时,浸出浓度较稳定,为35.7～41.5 μg/L;浸出量均随着液固比的增加而增大。液固比（L∶S）<10时,块状混凝土中重金属累积释放量及扩散系数均随液固比的增加而增大,当L∶S>10时两者基本保持不变。     

超声强化Fe0去除阳离子红GTL的研究

采用US/Fe^0系统去除阳离子红GTL,考察了pH值、Fe^0用量、超声功率及活性炭、H2O2、盐分添加对阳离子红GTL去除率的影响,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱变化查明阳离子红GTL在不同条件下的去除差异性,利用SEM解析铁的形态与染料去除的相关性。结果表明：pH≥5.0时超声和Fe^0具有协同效应,Fe^0用量2 g/L,pH=7.0,超声功率135 W,阳离子红GTL去除率达到96.07%;一定量的活性炭、H2O2、盐分添加会加速染料去除,US加速Fe^0反应速度,但不改变染料降解机理,添加活性炭能够彻底降解阳离子红GTL,添加H2O2提供的氧化环境抑制苯胺类化合物生成;铁的形态及与染料的接触是影响染料去除效果的重要原因。     

湘江霞湾港段底泥的含镉量分布研究

为了研究湘江霞湾港段底泥中镉的含量分布和释放特性,对该河段底泥采样以测定含镉量,并采用Tessier连续提取法对镉形态进行分析测定.结果表明,湘江霞湾港段受到严重的镉污染,其底泥含镉量最高达359.8μg/g.湘江底泥和间隙水中含镉量的吸附-解吸平衡可采用Freundlich吸附等温式描述.对新霞湾和老霞湾排污口附近河流底泥的镉形态分析表明,镉污染物以有机质-硫化物结合态为主,分别占总量的73.3%(质量分数,下同)、65.3%,其次是残渣晶格结合态,分别占总量的26.5%、34.4%.     

牡蛎壳生物滤池处理含盐污水中的硝化特性

采用牡蛎壳为曝气生物滤池填料,以含NaCl的生活污水为处理对象,在SBR操作条件下,系统考察进水NaCl浓度、曝气时间及进水pH值等对硝化性能的影响。结果表明,进水NaCl浓度为10~15 g/L时,平均氨氮去除率可稳定在97%以上;较高浓度NaCl对亚硝酸化菌活性影响较弱,对硝酸化菌活性影响较强,特别是在日曝气时间少于12 h时,其出水中亚硝氮的含率大于50%;当进水pH值在6~9变化时,反应器内pH值可稳定在6.5~7.5,硝化性能良好,表明牡蛎壳填料可为硝化反应提供碱度。     

Occurrence and dominance of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and dissolved cylindrospermopsin in urban reservoirs used for drinking water supply,South China

The tropical cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is of particular concern for its invasive characteristics and production of the toxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN). The present study represents the first attempt to determine the distribution of C. raciborskii and CYN in tropical China. The presence of C. raciborskii and CYN, as well as the composition of phytoplankton, was determined from a total of 86 samples from 25 urban reservoirs for drinking water supply in Dongguan City of South China. The presence of C. raciborskii was observed in 21 of the 25 reservoirs and confirmed that this species has been widely distributed in the investigated reservoirs. C. raciborskii accounted for between 0.1 and 90.3 % of the total phytoplankton biomass and contributed to the majority of the phytoplankton in some reservoirs such as Tangkengbian and Xiagongyan. Its biomass was negatively correlated with NO₃ ^?-N concentration and Secchi depth. Dissolved CYN was detected in more than one-half of the reservoirs with concentrations up to 8.25 μg L^?1, and it positively correlated with C. raciborskii biomass. Dissolved microcystins (MCs) were detected in 12 of the 25 reservoirs with a maximum concentration 1.99 μg L^?1. Our data strongly suggest that C. raciborskii and CYN could be important health hazards in urban reservoirs of South China and that more data are needed for further assessment.     

Monitoring and identification of spatiotemporal landscape changes in multiple remote sensing images by using a stratified conditional Latin hypercube sampling approach and geostatistical simulation

This study develops a stratified conditional Latin hypercube sampling (scLHS) approach for multiple, remotely sensed, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images. The objective is to sample, monitor, and delineate spatiotemporal landscape changes, including spatial heterogeneity and variability, in a given area. The scLHS approach, which is based on the variance quadtree technique (VQT) and the conditional Latin hypercube sampling (cLHS) method, selects samples in order to delineate landscape changes from multiple NDVI images. The images are then mapped for calibration and validation by using sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) with the scLHS selected samples. Spatial statistical results indicate that in terms of their statistical distribution, spatial distribution, and spatial variation, the statistics and variograms of the scLHS samples resemble those of multiple NDVI images more closely than those of cLHS and VQT samples. Moreover, the accuracy of simulated NDVI images based on SGS with scLHS samples is significantly better than that of simulated NDVI images based on SGS with cLHS samples and VQT samples, respectively. However, the proposed approach efficiently monitors the spatial characteristics of landscape changes, including the statistics, spatial variability, and heterogeneity of NDVI images. In addition, SGS with the scLHS samples effectively reproduces spatial patterns and landscape changes in multiple NDVI images.     

福建省热带气旋暴雨型地质灾害特征分析

福建是受热带气旋影响较严重的省份,又是一个多山的省份,每年都有因热带气旋暴雨诱发滑坡等地质灾害造成巨大人员伤亡和经济损失的事例发生.通过分析福建省1990～2006年热带气旋暴雨诱发的地质灾害个例,发现热带气旋暴雨型地质灾害的规模和强度均比雨季暴雨诱发的地质灾害大;它的发生与热带气旋路径、过程雨量和当日雨量关系密切,地质灾害主要发生在强降水后的48 h内;热带气旋登陆前后,若有偏东急流、西南季风、冷空气、暖式切变等系统共同作用,对暴雨具有增幅作用,极易引发地质灾害.     

1978年长江中下游地区夏季大旱及其影响

本文利用相对距平和Z—指数为指标分析了1978年长江中下游地区的夏季大旱,并着重研究了干旱对该地区水资源和农业生产的影响。