黄土高原半干旱区覆膜玉米土壤温度的变异特征

黄土高原半干旱丘陵山区受特殊的地理、地形以及水文气象条件的影响,造成农业生产播种难、出苗率低等问题,严重制约着农业的发展,但通过覆膜坐水技术能够起到抗旱保墒、提高地温、改善土壤肥效等作用。以哲单7号玉米ZeamaysL为供试品种,在设置对比试验小区（覆膜与不覆膜）的基础上,通过分析覆膜玉米土壤温度变异特征,描述了覆膜后增温、提墒、增产的过程,研究结果表明：覆膜处理与不覆膜处理相比,增温最明显的时期出现在出苗到拔节阶段,且10cm．和20cm处的温差表现为最大,可增温2．5℃左右,而后期增温减慢,播种后覆膜增温为玉米发芽生长提供了良好的生长环境,大大提高了出苗率,为作物节水增产提供了必要条件。     

江苏近岸海域营养盐类污染分布特征与评价

江苏沿海大多属于淤泥质平原海岸,开发利用方式以农业为主,海水中的营养盐类污染物质量浓度分布与人海河流和海岸区域农田化肥施用强度有重要的关系,因此,了解和探讨江苏近岸营养盐类污染的污染程度及其分布有重要的意义。根据江苏近海区域特征,选择近岸海域19个站点作为研究地点,分别对这些地点的总氮、总磷、无机氮和磷酸盐等营养盐类污染物质量浓度进行了分析,首先探讨了这些营养盐污染物在分布江苏近岸海域沿岸方向和向海方向的空间分布特点,然后结合海水水质标准,利用等标污染指数和综合污染指数等方法进行了污染程度评价,得出了江苏沿海营养盐类污染物在空间分布上具有南北两端和中间部位都比较高,而中部辐射沙洲附近和南北两端之间的质量浓度较低的“w”形分布特征,在向海方向上具有营养盐污染物质量浓度基本上都表现为靠近海岸质量浓度高,远离海岸略低的变化趋势,在污染程度评价方面,总磷等标污染指数普遍超过1,总氮等标污染指数大多小于1,综合污染指数在1．63—14．08之间,差异比较明显,一般表现为南北高中间低的特点,最后结合江苏沿海地区河流排污人海情况以及农田化肥农药施用强度,对江苏近岸海域营养盐类污染分布状况进行了讨论。     

镉对花生苗期的毒害效应及其品种间差异

重金属在籽粒中的积累与植物对镉的生物学耐性和吸收特性有一定的内在联系。本研究通过比较不同花生（Arachis hypogaea L.）品种对镉胁迫的生物学耐性,旨在为进一步揭示花生籽粒镉积累的种内差异形成机制提供实验参数。在人工气候箱控制环境下的含镉的营养液砂培试验中,花生苗期对镉胁迫的反应具有显著的品种间遗传差异。基于植株生物量变化,可将花生的镉胁迫反应分为3种类型,即镉钝感型,品种有平度01、花育23和莱农13;敏感型,品种有中花4号、花育20、丰花3号、莱农29、豫花15和祁阳小籽;普通型,品种有湘农3010-w、湘农312、湘农55、丰花2号和湘农小果w2-7等。钝感型品种在5个加Cd水平下的茎叶干物量比对照平均降低22.8%,全株生物量平均降低11.7%;敏感型品种茎叶干物量平均降低38.0%,全株生物量降低29.2%;普通型品种茎叶干物量平均降低33.2%,全株生物量降低25.1%。随着Cd质量浓度提高和暴露时间延长,花生叶片的叶绿素质量分数显著降低,叶片和根系丙二醛质量分数及细胞膜透性显著提高,与钝感型品种相比,敏感型品种的上述生理指标变化速率较高,而且随着镉暴露时间延长,两者之间的差异性持续扩大。     

Perception of people for the risk of Tianwan nuclear power plant

A questionnaire survey of residents’ risk perceptions related to Taiwan nuclear power plant in China was carried out to explore the determining factors that affect individual risk perception. This study proposed to pursue a more comprehensive understanding of factors that affected individual risk perception to nuclear power plants. Covariance structure analysis was conducted using risk perceptions of nuclear power as dependent variable and including interest and knowledge levels of nuclear power, acceptability, benefit perception, trust in nuclear power operation, and trust in government as independent variables. The use of the hypothesis of Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) was also proposed. The results showed that persons with higher levels of interest and knowledge of nuclear power had their own perceptions of risk closely associated with acceptability and potential benefits of nuclear power. In contrast, persons with no interest in and knowledge of nuclear power would have risk perceptions related to their trust in nuclear operation and the government, which partially supported the ELM hypothesis. All these results indicated that the government in China plays an important role in rational risk perceptions, and well-designed communication of risks will help the public to be involved in risk management and improve people’s rational acceptance of risk.     

Influence of coal particles on methane/air mixture ignition in a heated environment

The temperature at which coal dust glows is normally much lower than the auto-ignition temperature (AIT) of methane/air mixtures, and thus a better understanding is needed regarding methane/air ignition in a heated environment in the presence of coal particles. A horizontal tube apparatus was used to test the effect of brown coal and two kinds of bituminous and anthracite on methane/air combustibility. For the four coal samples tested, the presence of coal particles significantly reduced the minimum temperature for ignition of methane/air mixtures in a heated environment. No. 1 bituminous coal with 12 mm diameter decreased the ignition temperature value from 595 to 500 °C. It is thought that pre-ignition of low-AIT volatiles emitted from the heated coal particles ignited the methane/air mixtures. Volatiles, sulfur content, and large porosity of piled coal particles all enhanced ignition of methane/air mixtures in a hot environment, while water content and small particle size reduced ignition. For anthracite, no ignition occurred when temperatures of the heated environment were lower than the AIT of methane (595 °C), except for the 12-mm-diameter sample. Anthracite did not readily ignite methane/air mixtures and the ignition mechanism was somewhat similar to that of a burning cigarette.     

人体装甲测试用模拟破片的应用与发展

模拟破片是人体装甲防弹性能测试评价的主要试验弹体.本文对人体装甲和模拟破片进行了阐释,分析了模拟破片的应用背景,对国内外现状进行了对比分析,对标准模拟破片的确定以及爆炸破片的发展进行了探讨,提出了开展新型模拟破片及其测试技术研究的重要意义.     

稠油污泥资源化处理技术研究进展

石油开采和加工过程会产生大量的含油污泥,其成分复杂、稳定性高、处理难度大,已成为影响石油生产的主要污染因素,因此寻找出合理的含油污泥资源化处理技术十分必要。文章综述了稠油污泥的处理方法和不同油田针对其污泥采用的工艺流程,着重介绍了热解处理的原理和试验方法,并且对含油污泥处理技术未来的发展方向做出展望。     

改性硅藻土陶瓷生物膜载体的制备及性能研究

主要对硅藻土的烧结改性进行了进一步的研究,并对改性硅藻土用于污水处理系统生物膜的载体制作进行参数研究。通过设置适宜的污水水力学特性、良好的载体挂膜性能表征、实验运行稳定性等多方面进行对比实验,得出最佳生物膜挂膜性能的改性硅藻土陶瓷生物膜载体。     

废钻井液固化剂的筛选实验

针对目前许多废钻井液固化剂产品达不到降低污染物浓度的要求,而效果较好的产品价格昂贵,处理成本高,难以推广使用的问题,选取了9种固化剂进行固化实验,通过针入度测定仪、固化效果比对,参考相应市场价格,筛选出经济效益较高的固化剂,为同行业开展固化处理提供参考和借鉴。     

Unique zinc mass in mandibles separates drywood termites from other groups of termites

Previously, the presence of metals in arthropod mandibles has been linked with harder cuticle, and in termites, a 20% increase in hardness has been found for mandibles containing major quantities of zinc. The current study utilises electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis to assess incidence and abundance of metals in all extant subfamilies of the Isoptera. The basal clades contain no zinc and little to no manganese in the cutting edge of the mandible cuticle, suggesting that these states are ancestral for termites. However, experimentation with mandibles in vitro indicates the presence of some elements of the cuticular biochemistry necessary to enable uptake of zinc. The Termopsidae, Serritermitidae, Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae all contain minor quantities of manganese, while trace to minor quantities of zinc occur in all except the Serritermitidae. In contrast, all Kalotermitidae or drywood termites contain major levels of zinc in the mandible edge. Diet and life type are explored as links to metal profiles across the termites. The presence of harder mandibles in the drywood termites may be related to lack of access to free water with which to moisten wood. Scratch tests were applied to a set of mandibles. The coefficient of friction for Cryptotermes primus (Kalotermitidae) mandibles, when compared with species from other subfamilies, indicates that zinc-containing mandibles are likely to be more scratch resistant.