高温高压高应变速率干体系中黄铁矿内的晶格金的动力迁移机制理论探讨

分析了高温高压高应变速率条件下黄铁矿中的晶格金迁移的动力学机制后认为 :黄铁矿晶格中的金原子趋向于向位错等缺陷处扩散 ;在无位错滑移的情况下 ,晶格金原子在位错线等缺陷中扩散的扩散方式对其从黄铁矿内部迁移出来无实际意义 ;在高温高压高应变速率 [( 1 0 - 8～ 1 0 - 4) /s]条件下黄铁矿变形以位错滑移为主 ,金原子伴随着位错滑移一起迁移 ,最终迁移进入裂隙 ,增加了与成矿流体接触的机会。     

N2O产生机制的同位素方法研究进展

N₂O是一种重要的温室气体,是由多种微生物的硝化与反硝化作用产生,但是它产生的生物地球化学机制还不十分清楚。本文结合N₂O产生的微生物过程,阐述了国内外利用同位素标记法、N₂O的δ¹⁵N和δ¹⁸O双同位素法、N₂O的δ¹⁵N^α（¹⁴N¹⁵N¹⁶O）和δ¹⁵N^β（¹⁵N¹⁴N¹⁶O）、SP值同位素异构体法以及多种同位素法相结合研究N₂O的产生机制及微生物过程,比较了这些方法的优缺点,尤其重点阐述了近些年来兴起的N₂O同位素异构体计算各过程贡献比例及其判别源与汇的理论及其应用。¹⁵N同位素富集因子法和SP值法也分别应用于产生N₂O的微生物群落结构、数量和活性变化的研究,以从根本上达到控制N₂O排放量的目的。同时指出同位素方法研究N₂O产生机制的困难和不足。     

Hydrolysis and soil sorption of insecticide pyraclofos

The hydrolysis of the insecticide pyraclofos in buffered solutions at pH 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0, and its sorption on four soils of different physicochemical properties were investigated. The results showed that the degradation of pyraclofos in buffered solutions followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. At 40°C, the rate constants for the hydrolysis of pyraclofos at pH 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 were 0.0214, 0.1293, and 2.1656 d^?1, respectively. Pyraclofos was relatively stable under both acidic and neutral conditions, while it was readily hydrolyzed under basic conditions. The sorption of pyraclofos on four soils was well described by the Freundlich equation. The sorption constant, K _f, increased with an increase in soil organic carbon content, suggesting that organic carbon content was an important factor affecting sorption. The K _oc values for Xiaoshan clay loam soil, Hangzhou I clay loam soil, Hangzhou II soil, and Fuyang silt loam soil were 30.4, 6.7, 5.3, and 7.1, respectively. These results suggest that the sorption of pyraclofos on the tested soils was relatively weak.     

彭佳屿岛春季TSP中痕量金属组成及其来源解析

通过大气环流向海洋大气边界层传输的人为源和陆源物质,明显改变了海洋气溶胶中痕量金属的组成.但基于开阔海域岛屿连续观测研究海洋气溶胶中痕量金属元素组成及其来源的研究较少.2010年3—5月在我国台湾北部东海海域彭佳屿岛采集了60个TSP（总悬浮颗粒物）样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）分析了19种痕量金属（Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co、Cr、V、Ni、Tl、Zn、Sn、Pb、As、Cd、Sb、Se）的质量浓度.基于TSP中Al浓度、气团后向轨迹分析和美国国家宇航局CALIPSO卫星星载激光雷达扫描图像,将采集的TSP分为非沙尘TSP（不受沙尘影响的TSP）和沙尘TSP（受沙尘影响的TSP）.沙尘TSP中所有痕量金属的浓度都高于非沙尘TSP,表明沙尘对彭佳屿岛TSP中痕量金属有贡献.结合富集因子、相关性分析和PMF模型研究结果表明,彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti和Y主要来源于地壳矿物,Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr同时受地壳矿物和人为源的影响;沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr主要来源于地壳矿物.V和Ni在彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中主要来源于燃料油燃烧,而在沙尘TSP中同时受燃料油燃烧和地壳矿物的影响.非沙尘TSP和沙尘TSP中,Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se的来源相似.Tl主要源于交通和煤燃烧,Zn、Sn、Pb、Cd和Sb同时来源于交通、煤和燃料油燃烧,As主要来源于煤燃烧,Se则主要来源于煤和燃料油燃烧.研究显示,人为源释放到大气中的Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se可以通过大气环流长距离传输至开阔海域.      

贵阳地区大气降水中δ15N-NO3-组成及来源分析

对贵阳地区2008年10月1日至2009年9月30日大气降水样品中的NO3-浓度和δ15N组成进行了测定.结果表明,这一年大气降水中NO3-浓度加权平均值为0.45mg·L-1,δ15N组成的变化范围为-8.0‰～28.7‰,年均值为2.3‰,且主要来源于燃煤释放的含氮物质.NO3-浓度呈现冬高夏低的变化趋势,这可能是受降水量等因素的影响.但δ15N组成的季节变化与NO3-浓度有所不同,呈现秋冬季偏正,而春夏季偏负的特征,推测可能是由生物释放氮、大气雷电固氮及NOx本身的大气行为等引起δ15N组成的季节差异.     

地表环境氮循环过程中微生物作用及同位素分馏研究综述

综述了氮循环过程中的微生物作用及其研究进展 ,阐述了生物固氮、微生物吸收同化、有机氮素矿化、硝化和反硝化的反应机理及反应过程中的同位素分馏 ,提出了微生物驱动氮循环的简要模型。微生物驱动的氮循环中不同过程有不同的同位素分馏特征 ,生物固氮、土壤有机氮矿化过程中分馏效应小 ,而吸收同化、硝化和反硝化过程中同位素分馏较大 ,利用各个过程不同的同位素分馏特征可示踪含氮物质的来源、转化和迁移等。     

太湖北部夏季浮游藻类多样性与水质评价

于2004年7月对太湖北部浮游藻类的种群组成进行了调查,分析了藻类种属组成的空间分布,利用多种多样性评价指数对水体的污染情况进行了评价,初步探讨了太湖藻类种群组成的变化特征。太湖北部浮游藻类的密度较大,介于2.54×107～8.53×108个·L-1,主要由蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻、甲藻、裸藻和隐藻等组成,以微囊藻为优势种。自湖岸向湖心,单位体积内藻类的个数及生物量逐渐递减,种属逐渐增加。其中含较多指示污染及富营养化程度的藻类种属,各种评价指数显示水体的污染程度较为严重,属中营养—富营养化范畴。     

高效液相色谱法测定雨水中溶解态氨基酸的含量

本研究采用邻苯二甲醛/9-芴甲基氯甲酸酯-高效液相色谱-荧光检测器(OPA/FMOC-HPLC-FLD)联用技术,测定雨水中主要游离态氨基酸(DFAA)和结合态氨基酸(DCAA)的含量。雨水中的DFAA经阳离子交换树脂柱富集纯化后,可直接上机测定;类似地,经浓缩、酸解、再浓缩后,直接上机测定雨水中的DCAA。不同氨基酸的保留时间和峰面积的平均相对标准偏差分别为0.053%(0.014%～0.254%)和1.219%(0.223%～3.846%)。除赖氨酸外,其余氨基酸的检出限和定量限都较低,分别为0.90μmol/L(0.19～1.42μmol/L)和2.95μmol/L(0.39～4.74μmol/L)。样品加标回收率为59.87%～125.72%,均值为89.58%,空白回收率为57.47%～118.74%,均值为90.60%,保证了样品测定的准确性。利用本方法测得贵阳地区雨水中结合态氨基酸的浓度为27.25～493.87 nmol/L(均值为182.44 nmol/L),其中含量最多的是蛋氨酸,占总DCAA的24.61%;游离氨基酸的浓度为3.94～126.45 nmol/L(均值24.59 nmol/L),其中丝氨酸含量最高,占总DFAA的30.25%。本研究确立了最优的雨水溶解态氨基酸的提取和测定条件,并保证了雨水氨基酸在低浓度范围内定量的准确可靠性。     

Reduction of nitrobenzene in groundwater by iron nanoparticles immobilized in PEG/nylon membrane

The highly reactive iron nanoparticles (NPs) immobilized in nylon membrane were synthesized and characterized, and the reduction of nitrobenzene (NB) in groundwater by the NPs was investigated. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) images showed that the NPs distributed homogeneously on the membrane surface without agglomeration. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed that the NPs immobilized in membrane were mainly composed of Fe-oxides rather than zero-valent iron. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis suggested that the weight percentage of the immobilized NPs and the oxygen introduced to the reacted sample after 80min reaction were about 18.5% and 13%, respectively. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis further demonstrated the changes on the membrane surface after thermal grafting, NPs immobilizing and reacting for 80min. Using the reactive NPs immobilized in nylon membrane, NB in groundwater was rapidly and quantitatively decreased by 68.9% just in the first 20min, the Fe(2+) associated with the iron NPs immobilized in PEG/nylon66 membrane was mainly responsible for this reduction. The reaction appeared to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics and the rate constants increased upon decreasing the pH value. The samples we prepared exhibited good corrosion resistance for humic acid (HA) but had a short-term performance for NB degradation. More so, the groundwater chemistry had a negative influence on the reactivity of membrane immobilized NPs.     

A combination of electrokinetics and Pd/Fe PRB for the remediation of pentachlorophenol-contaminated soil

Electrokinetic (EK) remediation of pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated soil is difficult because PCP dissociates at different pH values along soil column and shows different transport behaviors near anode and cathode. In the present study, a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) filled with reactive Pd/Fe particles was installed between anode and cathode to reach the dechlorination of PCP during its EK movement. When PRB was installed at the position of 0.3 (normalized distance from anode), PCP in the section from anode to PRB could transport through PRB, while PCP in the section from cathode to PRB was accumulated near PRB. PCP was hardly dechlorinated by PRB wherein high pH was reached. When PRB was installed at the position of 0.5 and the pH in the PRB was decreased by periodical injection of HAc, 49% of PCP was removed, and 22.9% was recovered as phenol which was mostly collected in catholyte. The mechanism of PCP removal was proposed as the EK movement of PCP into the PRB compartment, the complete dechlorination of PCP to phenol by Pd/Fe in the PRB compartment, and the subsequent removal of phenol by electroosmosis. This study proved that the combination of electrokinetics and Pd/Fe PRB was effective for the remediation of PCP-contaminated soil.