A combination of electrokinetics and Pd/Fe PRB for the remediation of pentachlorophenol-contaminated soil

Electrokinetic (EK) remediation of pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated soil is difficult because PCP dissociates at different pH values along soil column and shows different transport behaviors near anode and cathode. In the present study, a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) filled with reactive Pd/Fe particles was installed between anode and cathode to reach the dechlorination of PCP during its EK movement. When PRB was installed at the position of 0.3 (normalized distance from anode), PCP in the section from anode to PRB could transport through PRB, while PCP in the section from cathode to PRB was accumulated near PRB. PCP was hardly dechlorinated by PRB wherein high pH was reached. When PRB was installed at the position of 0.5 and the pH in the PRB was decreased by periodical injection of HAc, 49% of PCP was removed, and 22.9% was recovered as phenol which was mostly collected in catholyte. The mechanism of PCP removal was proposed as the EK movement of PCP into the PRB compartment, the complete dechlorination of PCP to phenol by Pd/Fe in the PRB compartment, and the subsequent removal of phenol by electroosmosis. This study proved that the combination of electrokinetics and Pd/Fe PRB was effective for the remediation of PCP-contaminated soil.     

焦作市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子组成特征及来源解析

为探讨焦作市冬季PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子特征及其来源,于2017年12月至2018年2月在焦作市区连续采集大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品,测定其中9种水溶性离子浓度。结果表明,焦作市冬季PM_(2.5)质量浓度为(99.11±73.26)μg/m~3,总水溶性离子质量浓度为(66.88±48.68)μg/m~3,其中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH4_+是水溶性离子的主要成分,3者合计占总水溶性离子的81.5%(质量分数)。与清洁天相比,污染天NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+在PM_(2.5)中的占比显著增加,表明人为活动排放的二次污染物是焦作市冬季污染天PM_(2.5)的主要贡献成分;随着相对湿度的增加,大气中存在明显的气溶胶二次转化过程;焦作市大气PM_(2.5)移动源贡献大于固定源。焦作市PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子在清洁天主要受工业和生物质燃烧影响,而在污染天主要受气态污染物二次转化影响;后向轨迹聚类显示,采样期间焦作市主要受京津冀地区、西北地区气团影响。     

高压消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定大气飘尘中的微量钯

试验建立了一种测定大气飘尘中微量钯的新方法。使用高压消解采样滤膜 ,丁二酮肟 -氯仿萃取体系 ,用涂钼热解石墨管石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法对大气中的钯进行测定。方法的检出限为 6 .4× 10 - 1 0 g,对于 30 ng/ m L钯的测定 ,相对标准偏差3.8% ,可用于测定大气飘尘中的微量钯。对郑州市多处空气样进行分析 ,结果满意。     

Hydrolysis and soil sorption of insecticide pyraclofos

The hydrolysis of the insecticide pyraclofos in buffered solutions at pH 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0, and its sorption on four soils of different physicochemical properties were investigated. The results showed that the degradation of pyraclofos in buffered solutions followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. At 40 degrees C, the rate constants for the hydrolysis of pyraclofos at pH 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 were 0.0214, 0.1293, and 2.1656 d(-1), respectively. Pyraclofos was relatively stable under both acidic and neutral conditions, while it was readily hydrolyzed under basic conditions. The sorption of pyraclofos on four soils was well described by the Freundlich equation. The sorption constant, K(f), increased with an increase in soil organic carbon content, suggesting that organic carbon content was an important factor affecting sorption. The K(oc) values for Xiaoshan clay loam soil, Hangzhou I clay loam soil, Hangzhou II soil, and Fuyang silt loam soil were 30.4, 6.7, 5.3, and 7.1, respectively. These results suggest that the sorption of pyraclofos on the tested soils was relatively weak.     

Multivariate statistical and lead isotopic analyses approach to identify heavy metal sources in topsoil from the industrial zone of Beijing Capital Iron and Steel Factory

Heavy metals are considered toxic to humans and ecosystems. In the present study, heavy metal concentration in soil was investigated using the single pollution index (PIi), the integrated Nemerow pollution index (PIN), and the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) to determine metal accumulation and its pollution status at the abandoned site of the Capital Iron and Steel Factory in Beijing and its surrounding area. Multivariate statistical (principal component analysis and correlation analysis), geostatistical analysis (ArcGIS tool), combined with stable Pb isotopic ratios, were applied to explore the characteristics of heavy metal pollution and the possible sources of pollutants. The results indicated that heavy metal elements show different degrees of accumulation in the study area, the observed trend of the enrichment factors, and the geoaccumulation index was Hg > Cd > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu ≈ As > Ni. Hg, Cd, Zn, and Cr were the dominant elements that influenced soil quality in the study area. The Nemerow index method indicated that all of the heavy metals caused serious pollution except Ni. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb show obvious correlation and have higher loads on the same principal component, suggesting that they had the same sources, which are related to industrial activities and vehicle emissions. The spatial distribution maps based on ordinary kriging showed that high concentrations of heavy metals were located in the local factory area and in the southeast-northwest part of the study region, corresponding with the predominant wind directions. Analyses of lead isotopes confirmed that Pb in the study soils is predominantly derived from three Pb sources: dust generated during steel production, coal combustion, and the natural background. Moreover, the ternary mixture model based on lead isotope analysis indicates that lead in the study soils originates mainly from anthropogenic sources, which contribute much more than the natural sources. Our study could not only reveal the overall situation of heavy metal contamination, but also identify the specific pollution sources.

     

金山金矿田构造变形特征及其模拟实验

金山金矿田岩石遭受了三期不同性质的构造变形，这三期构造变形对金矿体的形成起着决定作用。其中第二期早期韧性剪切变形阶段形成了矿田主要的控矿、容矿构造（金山－西蒋韧性剪切带），晚期脆性剪切变形阶段金矿体在动性剪切带中定位。本文通过高温三轴应力实验，对不同岩性的岩石在相同实验条件下的构近变形机制．和同种岩性的岩石在不同实验条件下的构造变形机制进行了模拟，为金山金矿田成矿提供了实验资料和依据。     

长沙市秋季PM2.5中水溶性离子特征及其来源解析

为探究长沙市秋季PM_(2.5)水溶性无机离子组成特征和来源,于2017年9月～11月在长沙城区连续采集大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品共85个,并用离子色谱仪分析样品中的9种水溶性无机离子(F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH_4~+)。结果表明,长沙市秋季PM_(2.5)质量浓度的平均值为56. 3±39. 6μg/m~3,总水溶性无机离子质量浓度平均值为29. 47±19. 10μg/m~3,占PM_(2.5)的52. 3%,其中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+是PM_(2.5)中最主要的离子成分。霾天PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度约是清洁天的3倍,NO_3~-、NH_4~+、K~+、Cl~-四种离子的快速增长对霾天PM_(2.5)中离子的贡献最大。由PMF模型解析可知,秋季大气PM_(2.5)主要来源于机动车尾气和燃煤源,而扬尘、生物质燃烧源、工业源和海盐的贡献不到30%。长沙市秋季大气污染呈现机动车尾气等移动源和燃煤等固定源的混合型污染为主。