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排序方式: 共有222条查询结果,搜索用时 578 毫秒
21.
Robert Leconte Rangesan Narayanan Trevor C. Hughes 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(2):247-253
ABSTRACT: A general methodology to study the economics of dual water systems (defined here as a separate distribution system for untreated low quality local surface Water for outdoor municipal water supply) is summarized and the application of the method to a rapidly growing city is presented. In the first step, a cost-benefit criterion for evaluating dual systems is developed. The criterion is then extended to a dynamic case where the population to be served increases with time and where the dual system is allowed to expand. The optimal investment time to introduce the dual water supply project is obtained by maximizing social welfare. The model is applied to the city of West Jordan, Utah, where a dual system is currently being proposed. Model results indicate that for the city as a whole dual supply is not economically feasible. However, when the model is applied to a part of the city, it is found feasible and the optimal time to initiate the project would be in the year 1989. 相似文献
22.
Development of a bird integrity index: using bird assemblages as indicators of riparian condition 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
We describe the development of a bird integrity index (BII) that uses bird assemblage information to assess human impacts
on 13 stream reaches in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. We used bird survey data to test 62 candidate metrics representing
aspects of bird taxonomic richness, tolerance or intolerance to human disturbance, dietary preferences, foraging techniques,
and nesting strategies that were affected positively or negatively by human activities. We evaluated the metric responsiveness
by plotting each one against a measure of site disturbance that included aspects of land use/land cover, road density, riparian
cover, and stream channel and substrate conditions. In addition, we eliminated imprecise and highly correlated (redundant)
metrics, leaving 13 metrics for the final index. Individual metric scores ranged continuously from 0 to 10, and index scores
were weighted to range from 0 to 100. Scores were calibrated using historical species information to set expectations for
the number of species expected under minimally disturbed conditions. Site scores varied from 82 for the least disturbed stream
reach to 8.5 for an urban site. We compared the bird integrity index site scores with the performance of other measures of
biotic response developed during this study: a fish index of biointegrity (IBI) and two benthic macroinvertebrate metrics.
The three assemblages agreed on the general level of disturbance; however, individual sites scored differently depending on
specific indicator response to in-stream or riparian conditions. The bird integrity index appears to be a useful management
and monitoring tool for assessing riparian integrity and communicating the results to the public. Used together with aquatic
indicator response and watershed data, bird assemblage information contributes to a more complete picture of stream condition. 相似文献
23.
Sa V. Ho B. Mason Hughes Philip H. Brodsky John S. Merz Larry P. Egley 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》1999,9(3):103-116
Originated from a recognized need for significantly more effective technologies for soil cleanup, the LasagnaTM project provides an interesting case study in which industry, government, and academia successfully collaborated to rapidly advance the technology from the laboratory to the field. Called LasagnaTM because of its layered configurations, the technology combines electrically induced contaminant transport in soils, treatment in place, and geotechnical methods to achieve completely in situ clean-up of contaminated soils. Experiences with respect to the partnership, the development of technology and its current commercialization status are described. 相似文献
24.
This paper investigates the scope for stabilizing commodity prices by buffer stock interventions. Optimal control is used, rather than simulation, to evaluate the scope for intervention at best. Applications to a world copper market model show that substantial but extensive gains to stabilization are possible. These gains cannot be realised by traditional bandwidth decision rules. An important difficulty is setting the level at which prices should be stabilized. The lack of this information severely reduces the achievable gains. 相似文献
25.
Eragrostis tef (Zucc.), Cenchrus ciliaris L., and Digitaria eriantha Steud. were grown in a soil (Psammentic Haplustalf) and spoil material from a coalmine both treated with a lime water treatment residue (WTR) at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 g kg(-1). The yield of the grasses, from the sum of the three harvests, and concentrations of B, Ca, Cu, K, Fe, Mg, Mn, N, Na, P, and Zn in foliage from the second harvest were determined. The yield of grasses grown in the soil decreased exponentially as WTR application increased. The yields of C. ciliaris, D. eriantha, and E. tef (in the 400 g kg(-1) WTR treated soil) decreased by 74.4, 78.7, and 59.8%, respectively, when compared with the control treatments. In the spoil, the yield of E. tef and D. eriantha decreased by 13.6% and and D. eriantha by 23.9%, while an increase was observed for C. ciliaris (45.4%), at the highest WTR application rate. No relationship existed between yield of E. tef and WTR application rate when grown in the spoil, while a weak negative linear relationship (p < 0.05) was found for D. eriantha and a positive linear relationship existed for C. ciliaris. Magnesium concentrations of the grasses were positively correlated to WTR application rate. Grasses grown in the soil had higher Na concentrations, while those grown in the spoil typically had higher B, N, and Zn concentrations. The decreases in yield were attributed to nutrient deficiencies (notably Zn), induced by high WTR application rates that led to high substrate pH. Disposal of high rates of WTR on the mine materials was not recommended. 相似文献
26.
Developing the interaction matrix technique as a tool assessing the impact of traffic on air quality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper develops a technique which can be used as a preliminary tool for assessing air quality related to urban traffic. It combines a Geographic Information System (GIS) with an interaction matrix-type methodology based on a system analysis approach. The matrix identifies and quantifies interactions between all selected variables involved in a system as well as their interaction with the system as a whole. This matrix is used to determine the weightings to apply to spatial datasets within a GIS to develop a pollution vulnerability map. The focus of the paper is to introduce and assess a more versatile coding of the interaction matrix with respect to previously used coding. A case study is presented in which the modified interaction methodology is applied to data for a busy urban location. The resulting vulnerability map, in terms of pollution vulnerable hot spots, was compared to a pollution map derived from an advanced dispersion model. The interaction matrix technique with GIS can be used as a tool complementary to sophisticated numerical modelling and has potential as an analytical tool to evaluate multidisciplinary systems. 相似文献
27.
Robert M. Hughes 《Environmental management》1985,9(3):253-262
Impacts of sediments and heavy metals on the biota of streams in the copper-mining district of southwestern Montana were examined by comparing aquatic communities of impacted streams with those of control streams. Control streams were chosen through the use of a technique that identifies similar streams based on similarities in their watershed characteristics. Significant differences between impacted and control sites existed for surface substrate, riparian vegetation, and the number of macroinvertebrate taxa. These results revealed that: (a) chemical and physical habitats at the impacted sites were disrupted, (b) the presence of trout was an inadequate measure of ecological integrity for these sites, and (c) watershed classification based on a combination of mapped terrestrial characteristics provided a reasonable method to select control sites where potential control sites upstream and downstream were unsuitable. 相似文献
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Copper sulphate has an adverse effect on some biochemical parameters of trout Salmo gairdneri. The main targets of damage are: (a)Tissue necrosis as demonstrated by increased ASAT and ALAT levels in blood plasma. (b)Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. There is also a general stress effect as reflected by an elevated blood glucose level. 相似文献